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"Pathology - history"
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Morbid curiosities : medical museums in nineteenth-century Britain
'Morbid Curiosities' is a comprehensive study of 19th-century medical museums in Britain. This book looks at the variety of collections of human remains in Britain and is a history of the material culture of medical knowledge.
Book
The Body of Evidence
In The Body of Evidence. Corpses and Proofs in Early Modern European Medicine Francesco Paolo de Ceglia offers an overview of the evolution of the science of the 'signs of the corpse', from necromancy to forensic medicine.
eBook
Back to the Future - Part 1. The medico-legal autopsy from ancient civilization to the post-genomic era
Part 1 of the review “
Back to the Future
” examines the historical evolution of the medico-legal autopsy and microscopy techniques, from Ancient Civilization to the Post-Genomic Era. In the section focusing on “
The Past
”, the study of historical sources concerning the origins and development of the medico-legal autopsy, from the Bronze Age until the Middle Ages, shows how, as early as 2000 BC, the performance of autopsies for medico-legal purposes was a known and widespread practice in some ancient civilizations in Egypt, the Far East and later in Europe. In the section focusing on “
The Present
”, the improvement of autopsy techniques by Friedrich Albert Zenker and Rudolf Virchow and the contemporary development of optical microscopy techniques for forensic purposes during the 19th and 20th centuries are reported, emphasizing, the regulation of medico-legal autopsies in diverse nations around the world and the publication of international guidelines or best practices elaborated by International Scientific Societies. Finally, in “The Future” section, innovative robotized and advanced microscopy systems and techniques, including their possible use in the bio-medicolegal field, are reported, which should lead to the improvement and standardization of the autopsy methodology, thereby achieving a more precise identification of natural and traumatic pathologies.
Journal Article
Horst Oertel’s Embattled Montreal Years and the Founding of the McGill Pathological Institute: Insights Into Early-20th-Century History of North American Pathology
Although pathology at McGill's teaching hospitals famously began with William Osler, he left Montreal before the medical school had established a pathology department.
To explore the early history of academic pathology and its leadership at McGill, with a primary focus on the second department head, Horst Oertel.
Available primary and secondary historical resources were reviewed.
John George Adami, the first professor of pathology, recruited Oertel in 1914, and Oertel became acting department head when Adami enlisted. At the end of World War I, Adami did not return, and Oertel was appointed department head. In the early 1920s, using Rockefeller Foundation and other philanthropic funding, Oertel oversaw the establishment of a new McGill Pathological Institute; unfortunately, he based the institute upon an autopsy-centric 19th-century German model, even though surgical pathology and clinical pathology were beginning to blossom elsewhere in North America. As a result, McGill missed an opportunity to lead in these arenas. This paper dissects Oertel's fascinating but tumultuous professional career at McGill, including his battles with renowned neurosurgeon/neuropathologist Wilder Penfield, medical museum/congenital heart disease specialist Maude Abbott, and McGill's Dean of Medicine Charles Martin, who expected the newly created institute to raise the faculty's research profile by promoting collaborative clinical research. Oertel was a legendary educator who wove history, philosophy, and humanities into his pathology lectures.
Oertel's legacy at McGill was mixed. Although he was considered strong academically, more forward-looking and collaborative leadership could have positioned McGill near the forefront of North American pathology.
Journal Article
Murder and the Making of English CSI
The engrossing account of how science-based forensics transformed the investigation of twentieth-century murders and in the process invented CSI.
Crime scene investigation—or CSI—has captured the modern imagination. On television screens and in newspapers, we follow the exploits of forensic officers wearing protective suits and working behind police tape to identify and secure physical evidence for laboratory analysis. But where did this ensemble of investigative specialists and scientific techniques come from?
In Murder and the Making of English CSI, Ian Burney and Neil Pemberton tell the engrossing history of how, in the first half of the twentieth century, novel routines, regulations, and techniques—from chain-of-custody procedures to the analysis of hair, blood, and fiber—fundamentally transformed the processing of murder scenes. Focusing on two iconic English investigations—the 1924 case of Emily Kaye, who was beaten and dismembered by her lover at a lonely beachfront holiday cottage, and the 1953 investigation into John Christie's serial murders in his dingy terraced home in London's West End—Burney and Pemberton chart the emergence of the crime scene as a new space of forensic activity.
Drawing on fascinating source material ranging from how-to investigator handbooks and detective novels to crime journalism, police case reports, and courtroom transcripts, the book shows readers how, over time, the focus of murder inquiries shifted from a primarily medical and autopsy-based interest in the victim's body to one dominated by laboratory technicians laboring over minute trace evidence. Murder and the Making of English CSI reveals the compelling and untold story of how one of themost iconic features of our present-day forensic landscape came into being. It is a must-read for forensic scientists, historians, and true crime devotees alike.
eBook
The American College of Surgeons, Minimum Standards for Hospitals, and the Provision of High-Quality Laboratory Services
- The first major project of the American College of Surgeons (Chicago, Illinois), founded in 1913, was implementing Minimum Standards for Hospitals. The 1918 standard (1) established medical staff organizations in hospitals; (2) restricted membership to licensed practitioners in good standing; (3) mandated that the medical staff work with hospital administration to develop and adopt regulations and policies governing their professional work; (4) required standardized, accessible medical records; and (5) required availability of diagnostic and therapeutic facilities. One hundred years ago, these were radical expectations.
- To describe the origin, \"marketing,\" and voluntary adoption of the 1918 standards, and to describe how the evolution of those standards profoundly affected laboratory medicine after 1926.
- Available primary and secondary historical sources were reviewed.
- The college had no legal mandate, so it used a highly consultative approach, funded by its membership and the Carnegie Foundation (New York, New York), to establish the Minimum Standards, followed by a nonthreatening mechanism to determine which hospitals met them. Simultaneously, the college educated the public to fuel their expectations. Compliance by more than 100-bed hospitals in the United States and Canada, although entirely voluntary, rose from negligible when first implemented in 1918 to more than 90% in only a few years. From 1922 to 1926, the American Society for Clinical Pathology (Chicago, Illinois) worked creatively with the college to establish Minimum Standards for \"adequate\" laboratory services.
- The birth and implementation of this program exemplifies how a consultative approach with full engagement of grassroots stakeholders facilitated a voluntary, rapid, sweeping North America-wide change-management process. This program eventually evolved into the Joint Commission (Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois).
Journal Article
Albert C. Broders, tumor grading, and the origin of the long road to personalized cancer care
The roots of precision cancer therapy began at the Mayo Clinic in 1914 when surgical pathologist Albert C. Broders began collecting data showing that cancers of the same histologic type behaved differently. In March 1920, based upon 6 years of clinical follow‐up, Broders published his first paper, utilizing data from over 500 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the lip that he had blindly divided into four histologic grades based upon degree of differentiation, showing that numerical tumor \"grading\" allowed him to predict patient prognosis. Before this, surgeons had no scientific way to evaluate prognosis. Broders then replicated his work using other types of tumors at other body sites, as did several Mayo Fellows and pathologists at other institutions. Cuthbert Dukes in London, England not only replicated Broders’ findings with rectal adenocarcinomas, he also used the same data to develop the first tumor “staging” methodology by focusing upon depth of local invasion and presence or absence of lymph node metastases. Soon, tumor grading, tumor staging, or the combination of both represented state‐of‐the‐art prognostic techniques for scientific cancer care. This brief historical vignette celebrates the 100th anniversary of Broders’ first paper, which is the starting point for the long road to personalized cancer care. The roots of precision cancer therapy began 100 years ago when surgical pathologist Albert C. Broders began collecting data showing for the first time that cancers of the same histologic type and anatomical site behaved differently. He had blindly divided squamous cell carcinoma of the lip into four histologic grades based upon degree of differentiation, showing that numerical tumor \"grading\" allowed him to predict patient prognosis. This quickly led to \"staging\" of cancers.
Journal Article
Rahel Zipkin, Sophia Getzowa, Elisabeth Sanderson-Damberg: Three Women From Early-20th-Century Bern, Switzerland—Their Lives, Research, and Impact on Pathology of the Thyroid
Women were a minority population among medical students, and subsequently as doctors, at the beginning of the 20th century. This was true for all branches of medicine. The field of thyroid pathology seems to have been an exception to this fact. Three young women from Bern, Switzerland, made major contributions to the microscopic anatomy of the thyroid: Rahel Zipkin, Sophia Getzowa, and Elisabeth Sanderson-Damberg. All 3 were mentees of Theodor Langhans, pathologist and professor at Bern, during the period 1905 to 1911.
To document details about the lives of these women, to speculate about Sanderson-Damberg, as little is known about her, and to enunciate the discoveries in thyroid pathology made by the 3 remarkable protégés of Langhans and discuss their impact in our current understanding and in the reporting of thyroid pathology.
PubMed, published scientific and historical literature, Archives of Universität Bern, and the Periodika database of the Latvian National Library.
The discoveries made-hyalinizing trabecular neoplasm (Zipkin, 1905), solid cell nests (Getzowa, 1907; also water-clear and eosinophilic cells of the parathyroid, 1907), and Sanderson polsters (Sanderson-Damberg, 1911)-still hold true today and are of practical importance in pathology.
Journal Article
Albert C. Broders' Paradigm Shifts Involving the Prognostication and Definition of Cancer
Context.—In the 19th and early 20th centuries, cancer was defined by the demonstration of invasion and metastases, based upon gross findings at surgery or autopsy. Although histopathologic examination of tumors became possible with greater and greater resolution over time, the definition of cancer remained the same. Tumors with features suggesting the biological “potential” to invade and metastasize were not cancers until they had achieved their potential. Prognostication based upon histopathologic analyses of tumor biopsies and resection specimens was not possible, as the concepts of tumor grading and staging did not exist until the 1920s and 1930s, respectively. Objective.—To examine the history of tumor grading and the concept of “carcinoma in situ” and to explore the role of Albert C. Broders, MD, and others in these discoveries. Design.—To address these topics, standard historiographic methods were used to examine available primary and secondary historical sources. Results.—Early in his career, Broders described tumor grading, showing for the first time that histopathologic findings could independently predict prognosis. This discovery quickly begat tumor staging and eventually the whole predictive biomarker field. Later in his career, Broders described carcinoma in situ, thereby changing the very definition of cancer. Conclusion.—Historians recognize that science progresses through a series of paradigm shifts. Most clinician-scientists, even those at the very top of their fields, never make a discovery so dramatic that it changes their field forever. In the 1920s and 1930s, Albert C. Broders published 2 observations that forever changed cancer diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment.
Journal Article
Thomas Hodgkin: the “man” and “his disease”: humani nihil a se alienum putabit (nothing human was foreign to him)
Thomas Hodgkin (1798–1865) was one of the leading physicians and scientists of the nineteenth century. A renowned diagnostician, he carried out pioneering work in public health, but devoted the greater part of his career to the study of pathology. His contributions transcend many fields, medical and non-medical, but his most important legacy to medical science was the recognition of the disease that bears his name. The diagnosis of Hodgkin’s disease was difficult pending recognition of the “peculiar giant cells” that came to characterize the diagnosis. With identification of the Reed–Sternberg cell, it might have been expected that debate concerning the nature of Hodgkin’s disease would be stilled. History proved to the contrary. A fierce controversy ignited with respect to the cellular origin of the Reed–Sternberg cell and the relationship, if any, of Hodgkin’s disease to other malignant processes arising in the “absorbent glands and spleen.” For a century, arguments ebbed and flowed, reflective of individual opinions and changing concepts, yielding ultimately to new methods for examining and identifying cells.
Journal Article