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"Peace treaty"
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The End of World War I : the Treaty of Versailles and its tragic legacy
This book describes the course of events that followed the armistice of November 11, 1918, which stopped the fighting in World War I. Readers will learn about the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 where the leaders of Britain, France, and the United States met to agree on how to deal with Germany and other defeated countries.
BOOK
War and Punishment
What makes wars drag on and why do they end when they do? Here H. E. Goemans brings theoretical rigor and empirical depth to a long-standing question of securities studies. He explores how various government leaders assess the cost of war in terms of domestic politics and their own postwar fates. Goemans first develops the argument that two sides will wage war until both gain sufficient knowledge of the other's strengths and weaknesses so as to agree on the probable outcome of continued war. Yet the incentives that motivate leaders to then terminate war, Goemans maintains, can vary greatly depending on the type of government they represent. The author looks at democracies, dictatorships, and mixed regimes and compares the willingness among leaders to back out of wars or risk the costs of continued warfare.
Democracies, according to Goemans, will prefer to withdraw quickly from a war they are not winning in order to appease the populace. Autocracies will do likewise so as not to be overthrown by their internal enemies. Mixed regimes, which are made up of several competing groups and which exclude a substantial proportion of the people from access to power, will likely see little risk in continuing a losing war in the hope of turning the tide. Goemans explores the conditions and the reasoning behind this \"gamble for resurrection\" as well as other strategies, using rational choice theory, statistical analysis, and detailed case studies of Germany, Britain, France, and Russia during World War I. In so doing, he offers a new perspective of the Great War that integrates domestic politics, international politics, and battlefield developments.
eBook
What constitutes an equitable water share? A reassessment of equitable apportionment in the Jordan–Israel water agreement 25 years later
The water agreement between Jordan and Israel, created as part of their peace treaty in 1994, set out detailed allocations terms to which both countries have respectively abided since its inception. But after two and a half decades, the water agreement terms no longer appear as equitable considering the social, economic, and environmental changes that have occurred in the region as a whole and within the two countries individually. This paper analyzes the status of the treaty terms in light of changes seen within both countries regarding the factors laid out by the United Nations as relevant to determining equitable apportionment among riparian nations. The analysis suggests that a renegotiation of the water agreement terms is warranted due in large part to changes in population and the availability of alternative water resources (desalination and treated wastewater). While no explicit recommendations are made as to what a future treaty's terms should include, this paper presents evidence of a changing ground reality that deserves greater consideration in reaching a more equitable and sustainable water agreement for the decades to come.
Journal Article
BRIDGING CULTURES, LEADING PEACE: LEADERSHIP AND INTERCULTURALISM IN THE ISRAEL-EGYPT PEACE NEGOTIATIONS
The 1979 peace treaty between Israel and Egypt marked a historic turning point in Middle Eastern diplomacy, establishing the first formal recognition of Israel by an Arab state. This article revisits the Israeli-Egyptian peace process to examine the interplay between political leadership and intercultural competence in the achievement of breakthrough agreements. While the roles of Anwar Sadat, Menachem Begin, and U.S. President Jimmy Carter have been widely acknowledged, this study argues that visionary and courageous leadership, though indispensable, was not sufficient on its own. Instead, it contends that the leaders' ability to navigate intercultural dynamics—through empathy, symbolic communication, and cultural sensitivity—was a critical enabling factor that amplified the effectiveness of their leadership. Drawing on historical analysis and theoretical perspectives from international relations, the article explores how intercultural competence contributed to building trust, overcoming misperceptions, and sustaining diplomatic engagement. By integrating leadership theory with insights from intercultural communication, this study advances a dual proposition: that exceptional leadership is a necessary condition for landmark peace agreements, and that its success in culturally complex conflicts depends significantly on the leader’s intercultural acumen. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the conditions under which diplomatic breakthroughs occur and offer practical implications for contemporary conflict resolution and negotiation strategy.
Journal Article
The Treaty of Versailles : a concise history
Signed in 1919 between Germany and the Allied Powers, the Treaty of Versailles formally ended World War I. Controversial from the very beginning, the treaty still shapes the destinies of societies and states worldwide. British Prime Minister David Lloyd George said It is all a great pity. We shall have to do the same thing all over again in twenty-five years at three times the cost, and French Marshal Ferdinand Foch declared that \"This is not peace. It is an armistice for twenty years.\" At the time, observers read the treaty through competing lenses of peacemaking after the First World War, the future of colonialism, and the emerging threat of Bolshevism. A century after its signing, we can gain new perspectives on the treaty and its impacts by looking at how those histories evolved through the remainder of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first. The author of several award-winning books, Michael Neiberg provides a clear and authoritative account of the Treaty of Versailles, explaining the enormous challenges of trying to put the world back together after the global destruction of the First World War. He shows how the treaty affected not only Europe but also the rest of the world. In China, the Allied decision to give the Shantung Peninsula to Japan led to a wave of protests known today as the May Fourth movement, which is seen as a foundational moment in the modern history of China. Global disillusionment with the treaty led to mass transnational movements that helped to set the foundations for Cold War debates about anti-colonialism. American rejection of the treaty also served as a mirror and a prism for American fears and ambiguities about its own international role. The treaty is, therefore, much more than its role in ending the First World War.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Peace Treaties and International Law in European History
In the formation of the modern law of nations, peace treaties played a pivotal role. Many basic principles and rules that governed and still govern relations between states were introduced and elaborated in the great peace treaties from the Renaissance onwards. Nevertheless, until recently few scholars have studied these primary sources of the law of nations from a juridical perspective. In this edited collection, specialists from all over Europe, including legal and diplomatic historians, international lawyers and an International Relations theorist, analyse peace treaty practice from the late fifteenth century to the Peace of Versailles of 1919. Important emphasis is given to the doctrinal debate about peace treaties and the influence of older, Roman and medieval concepts on modern practices. This book goes back further in time beyond the epochal Peace of Treaties of Westphalia of 1648 and this broader perspective allows for a reassessment of the role of the sovereign state in the modern international legal order.
eBook
The 1713 Peace of Utrecht and Its Enduring Effects
The 1713 Peace of Utrecht and its Enduring Effects, edited by Alfred H.A. Soons, presents an interdisciplinary collection of contributions marking the occasion of the tercentenary of the Peace of Utrecht.
eBook