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Freshwater availability is seriously threatened by expanding water demand and contamination concerns, particularly in dryland regions worldwide. Furthermore, global climate change is increasing water salinity by altering the global supply of groundwater and surface water. The quality of animal water has a significant impact on livestock production, influencing several processes such as growth, metabolism, reproduction, and body temperature. Although animals can tolerate bad water quality better than humans, livestock can be harmed if chemicals are added to the water. The poor quality of drinking water can have an impact on livestock productivity and welfare; however, tolerance to low water quality varies by species, race, and environmental conditions. As a result, this review examined the influences of poor-quality water on livestock production and productivity in arid and semi-arid areas in an era of changing climate. Despite variations in adapted physiological parameters, blood hematology, biochemical, food, and water consumption, camels and goats adapt to high salt levels in desert regions. Small ruminants' nutritional intake and performance, as well as their breathing rate and blood biochemistry concentrations, all decrease when the salinity of their drinking water increases. While research on small and resilient ruminant breeds that can survive high salinity levels is underway around the world, further study is needed to understand the water-resistant features of adapted livestock species and breeds, particularly in dry and salty places impacted by changing climate.

The credibility crisis that the Political Parties built for years and an almost general disenchantment with the way in which politics and the electoral reform that came into effect in January 2014 are exercised, are some of the indicators that caused a wave of Independent Candidacies whose results brought with them the partial oxygenation of the Mexican political system and opened a new debate on Citizen Empowerment. Inspired by the idea of a Wiki Party -where participation would be held through technology and social networks- and the models of the Pirate Parties in Germany and Sweden, different groups of young people throughout Mexico began the work of organizing a Wiki Party and a digital Party aimed at promoting Independent and Citizen Candidacies.

In this article, we understand motherhood as a dispositif that shapes social life and gives support to the nuclear family, but that is subject to mutations and reappropriations. Our purpose is to think about the extent to which the film All about my mother, by denaturalizing maternity performances, as well as those of gender and sexuality, stimulates reflexivity on this subject and leads to possible resignifications. We have selected two moments of the textual trajectory (BLOMMAERT, 2005) the film has been following since 1999 and submitted them to the analysis of the entextualization (SILVERSTEIN; URBAN, 1996; BAUMAN; BRIGGS, 1990) and scalar processes (CARR; LEMPERT, 2016) mobilized in order to gauge such reflexivity. We have observed that a large part of the queer destabilizations that the film narrative promotes inspire positions in new entextualizations that, in most cases, ratify such destabilizations and manage to expand the concept of motherhood beyond biological and instinctive associations, which prevail in common sense (SCAVONE, 2001 ; FIDALGO, 2003; PINHEIRO, 2014). KEYWORDS: Almodovar. Maternity performances. Dispositif. Scalar processes. Entextualization. Neste artigo, entendemos a maternidade como um dispositivo que molda condutas e da sustentacao a familia nuclear, mas que esta sujeito a mutacoes e reapropriacoes. Propomo-nos a pensar em que medida o filme 'Tudo sobre minha mae', ao desnaturalizar performances de maternidade, bem como as de genero e sexualidade, estimula a reflexividade sobre o tema e enseja possiveis ressignificacoes. Para isso, selecionamos dois momentos mais recentes da trajetoria textual (BLOMMAERT, 2005) que o filme vem percorrendo desde 1999 e os submetemos a analise, que privilegia, em termos de construios teorico-analiticos, entextualizacoes (SILVERSTEIN; URBAN, 1996; BAUMAN; BRIGGS, 1990) e processos escalares (BLOMMAERT, 2010; CARR; LEMPERT, 2016) para analisar tal reflexividade. O que observamos e que grande parte das desestabilizacoes queer que a narrativa filmica promove inspiram posicionamentos, em novas entextualizacoes, que, muitas vezes, ratificamnas e logram expandir o conceito de maternidade para alem das associacoes biologicoinstintivas, que prevalecem no senso comum (SCAVONE, 2001; FIDAEGO, 2003; PINHEIRO, 2014). PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Almodovar: Performances de maternidade. Dispositivo. Processos escalares. Entextualizacao.

Pedro de Alvarado is best known as Cortés's right-hand man in the conquest of Mexico and the ruthless conqueror of Guatemala. Less known is his intent to intrude in the conquest of Peru and lay claim to the riches of the Inca Empire. Death in the Snow conveys the delusions of one headstrong conquistador and mourns the loss of countless Indigenous lives, casualties of Alvarado's lust for fame and fortune.

National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure–the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index–on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r=0·88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r=0·83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r=0·77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total fertility rates. This frontier allowed us to better quantify the maximum levels of personal health-care access and quality achieved across the development spectrum, and pinpoint geographies where gaps between observed and potential levels have narrowed or widened over time. Between 1990 and 2015, nearly all countries and territories saw their HAQ Index values improve; nonetheless, the difference between the highest and lowest observed HAQ Index was larger in 2015 than in 1990, ranging from 28·6 to 94·6. Of 195 geographies, 167 had statistically significant increases in HAQ Index levels since 1990, with South Korea, Turkey, Peru, China, and the Maldives recording among the largest gains by 2015. Performance on the HAQ Index and individual causes showed distinct patterns by region and level of development, yet substantial heterogeneities emerged for several causes, including cancers in highest-SDI countries; chronic kidney disease, diabetes, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections among middle-SDI countries; and measles and tetanus among lowest-SDI countries. While the global HAQ Index average rose from 40·7 (95% uncertainty interval, 39·0–42·8) in 1990 to 53·7 (52·2–55·4) in 2015, far less progress occurred in narrowing the gap between observed HAQ Index values and maximum levels achieved; at the global level, the difference between the observed and frontier HAQ Index only decreased from 21·2 in 1990 to 20·1 in 2015. If every country and territory had achieved the highest observed HAQ Index by their corresponding level of SDI, the global average would have been 73·8 in 2015. Several countries, particularly in eastern and western sub-Saharan Africa, reached HAQ Index values similar to or beyond their development levels, whereas others, namely in southern sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and south Asia, lagged behind what geographies of similar development attained between 1990 and 2015. This novel extension of the GBD Study shows the untapped potential for personal health-care access and quality improvement across the development spectrum. Amid substantive advances in personal health care at the national level, heterogeneous patterns for individual causes in given countries or territories suggest that few places have consistently achieved optimal health-care access and quality across health-system functions and therapeutic areas. This is especially evident in middle-SDI countries, many of which have recently undergone or are currently experiencing epidemiological transitions. The HAQ Index, if paired with other measures of health-system characteristics such as intervention coverage, could provide a robust avenue for tracking progress on universal health coverage and identifying local priorities for strengthening personal health-care quality and access throughout the world. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.