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Sodium pentachlorophenol (PCP-Na) is widespread in the marine environment; however, its impact on marine organisms remains under-researched. Moerella iridescens and Exopalaemon carinicauda are marine species of economic importance in China and under threat from PCP-Na pollution. Thus, this study aimed to assess the toxicity and detoxification metabolism of PCP-Na on M. iridescens and E. carinicauda . The study revealed that the 96 h median lethal concentration (LC50) of PCP-Na for M. iridescens and E. carinicauda were 9.895 mg/L and 14.143 mg/L, respectively. A species sensitivity distribution (SSD) for PCP-Na was developed specifically for marine organisms, determining a hazardous concentration to 5% of the species (HC 5 ) of 0.047 mg/L. During the sub-chronic exposure period, PCP-Na accumulated significantly in M. iridescens and E. carinicauda , with highest concentrations of 41.22 mg/kg in the soft tissues of M. iridescens , 42.58 mg/kg in the hepatopancreas of E. carinicauda , and only 0.85 mg/kg in the muscle of E. carinicauda . Furthermore, the study demonstrated that detoxifying metabolic enzymes and antioxidant defense system enzymes of E. carinicauda responded stronger to PCP-Na compared to M. iridescens , suggesting that E. carinicauda may possess a stronger detoxification capacity. Notably, five biomarkers were identified and proposed for monitoring and evaluating PCP-Na contamination. Overall, the results indicated that M. iridescens and E. carinicauda exhibit greater tolerance to PCP-Na than other marine species, but they are susceptible to accumulating PCP-Na in their tissues, posing a significant health risk. Consequently, conducting aquatic health risk assessments in areas with potential PCP-Na contamination is strongly recommended.

Pot-culture experiments were conducted to evaluate the phytoremediation potential of a wetland plant species, Phragmites australis in cadmium (Cd) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) co-contaminated soil under glasshouse conditions for 70 days. The treatments included Cd (0, 5 and 50 mg kg⁻¹) without or with PCP (50 and 250 mg kg⁻¹). The results showed that growth of P. australis was significantly influenced by interaction of Cd and PCP, decreasing with either Cd or PCP additions. Plant biomass was inhibited and reduced by the rate of 89 and 92 % in the low and high Cd treatments and by 20 and 40 % in the low and high PCP treatments compared to the control. The mixture of low Cd and low PCP lessened Cd toxicity to plants, resulting in improved plant growth (by 144 %). Under the joint stress of the two contaminants, the ability of Cd uptake and translocation by P. australis was weak, and the BF and TF values were inferior to 1.0. A low proportion of the metal is found aboveground in comparison to roots, indicating a restriction on transport upwards and an excluding effect on Cd uptake. Thus, P. australis cannot be useful for phytoextraction. The removal rate of PCP increased significantly (70 %) in planted soil. Significant positive correlations were found between the DHA and the removal of PCP in planted soils which implied that plant root exudates promote the rhizosphere microorganisms and enzyme activity, thereby improving biodegradation of PCP. Based on results, P. australis cannot be effective for phytoremediation of soil co-contaminated with Cd and PCP. Further, high levels of pollutant hamper and eventually inhibit plant growth. Therefore, developing supplementary methods (e.g. exploring the partnership of plant–microbe) for either enhancing (phytoextraction) or reducing the bioavailability of contaminants in the rhizosphere (phytostabilization) as well as plant growth promoting could significantly improve the process of phytoremediation in co-contaminated soil.

Novel versatile nanomaterials may facilitate strategies for simultaneous soil remediation and agricultural production, but a thorough and mechanistic assessment of efficacy and safety is needed. We have established a new soil remediation strategy using nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) coupled with safe rice production in paddy soil contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP). In comparison with rice cultivation in contaminated soil with 100 mg PCP per kg soil but without nZVI, the addition of 100 mg nZVI per kg soil increased grain yield by 47.1–55.0%, decreased grain PCP content by 83.6–86.2% and increased the soil PCP removal rate from 49.9 to 83.9–89.0%. The specific role of nZVI-derived root iron plaque formation in the safe production of rice has been elucidated, and the synergistic effect of nZVI treatment and rice cultivation identified in the nZVI-facilitated rhizosphere microbial degradation of PCP. This work opens a new strategy for the application of nanomaterials in soil remediation that could simultaneously enable safe crop production in contaminated lands.The application of nanoscale zero-valent iron simultaneously increased rice production and rhizoremediation of pentachlorophenol-contaminated soil.

The presence of chlorophenols in water poses a significant threat to human health and the environment. In response to this issue, a study was undertaken to evaluate the catalytic capabilities of chlorinated Heme towards common chlorophenols present in water, such as 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol. The study employed the B3LYP method, a sophisticated computational technique within density functional theory, to investigate the molecular interactions and transformations involved. It scrutinized structural parameters, Wiberg Bond Indices, which offer insights into the strength and nature of chemical bonds, along with spectroscopic data including infrared vibrational spectra, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra, and molecular fluorescence spectra. Furthermore, the research analyzed molecular binding energies and orbital energy levels before and after the formation of complexes between Heme and the targeted chlorophenols. The findings indicate that Heme displays a notable activation characteristic towards these chlorophenols. This suggests that Heme could act as an effective catalyst in the degradation of chlorophenols in water, presenting a novel approach to water purification. The theoretical insights derived from this study are invaluable, potentially guiding the development of more efficient catalytic systems for treating chlorophenol-contaminated water, thereby reducing the environmental and health risks associated with these hazardous compounds.

Compared with noble metals, semiconductors with surface plasmon resonance effect are another type of SERS substrate materials. The main obstacles so far are that the semiconducting materials are often unstable and easy to be further oxidized or decomposed by laser irradiating or contacting with corrosive substances. Here, we report that metallic MoO 2 can be used as a SERS substrate to detect trace amounts of highly risk chemicals including bisphenol A (BPA), dichloropheno (DCP), pentachlorophenol (PCP) and so on. The minimum detectable concentration was 10 −7  M and the maximum enhancement factor is up to 3.75 × 10 6 . To the best of our knowledge, it may be the best among the metal oxides and even reaches or approaches to Au/Ag. The MoO 2 shows an unexpected high oxidation resistance, which can even withstand 300 °C in air without further oxidation. The MoO 2 material also can resist long etching of strong acid and alkali. Semiconducting materials are potential SERS substrates as alternatives to noble metals, but often suffer from poor stabilities and sensitivities. Here, the authors use molybdenum dioxide as a SERS material, showing high enhancement factors and stability to oxidation even at high temperatures.

The degradation performance of pentachlorophenol (PCP) by the microwave-activated persulfate (MW/PS) process was investigated in this study. The results indicated that degradation efficiency of PCP in the MW/PS process followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, and compared with conventional heating, microwave heating has a special effect of increasing the reaction rate and reducing the process time. A higher persulfate concentration and reaction temperature accelerated the PCP degradation rate. Meanwhile, increasing the pH value and ionic strength of the phosphate buffer slowed down the degradation rate. The addition of ethanol and tert-butyl alcohol as hydroxyl radical and sulfate radical scavengers proved that the sulfate radicals were the dominant active species in the MW/PS process. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to identify the intermediate products, and then a plausible degradation pathway involving dechlorination, hydrolysis, and mineralization was proposed. The acute toxicity of PCP, as tested with Photobacterium phosphoreum , Vibrio fischeri , and Vibrio qinghaiensis , was negated quickly during the MW/PS process, which was in agreement with the nearly complete mineralization of PCP. These results showed that the MW/PS process could achieve a high mineralization level in a short time, which provided an efficient way for PCP elimination from wastewater.

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a class 2B human carcinogen that is used as an insecticide, herbicide, and wood preservative. PCP is rapidly absorbed and enters the blood where it can interact with erythrocytes. We have examined the effect of PCP on human erythrocytes. Treatment of erythrocytes with PCP increased the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. It also increased lipid and protein oxidation accompanied by decrease in glutathione levels and total sulfhydryl content. The activities of all major antioxidant enzymes were altered. The antioxidant power was significantly impaired resulting in lower free radical quenching and metal reducing ability of the PCP-treated cells. PCP exposure also inhibited the activities of enzymes of glycolysis and pentose phosphate shunt, the two pathways of glucose metabolism in erythrocytes. Heme degradation was enhanced leading to the release of free iron. Incubation of erythrocytes with PCP caused significant cell lysis suggesting plasma membrane damage which was also evident from inhibition of bound enzymes. Scanning electron microscopy of erythrocytes confirmed these biochemical results and showed that PCP treatment converted the normal biconcave discoids to echinocytes and other irregularly shaped cells. Thus, PCP induces oxidative and nitrosative stress in erythrocytes, alters the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense systems, inhibits glucose metabolism, and causes significant modifications in cellular morphology.

Sodium pentachlorophenate (PCP-Na) is a toxic preservative used in wood products, posing potential health risks through food contact materials. A rapid analytical method combining ultrasonic-assisted liquid-liquid extraction with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UA-LLE-UPLC-HRMS) was developed for the determination of PCP-Na residues in bamboo and wooden cutting boards. Sample pretreatment involved ultrasonic extraction using methanol/water (50:50 v/v, 2.0% ammonia), followed by liquid-liquid purification with n-hexane/ethyl acetate (60:40 v/v). After solvent evaporation under nitrogen, the residue was reconstituted in the initial mobile phase. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 µm) using a gradient elution of methanol and 0.01% ammoniated aqueous solution. Detection was performed in negative electrospray ionization (ESI - ) mode with targeted single ion monitoring (Targeted-SIM) scanning, utilizing pentachlorophenol- 13 C 6 (PCP- 13 C 6 ) as an isotopically labeled internal standard. The method exhibited excellent linearity across a concentration range of 1.0–500.0 μg/L (R 2 ≥ 0.999), with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.5 μg/kg and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1.5 μg/kg. Validation studies at three spiking levels (20.0, 200.0, and 400.0 μg/kg) demonstrated satisfactory recoveries of 97.2%–99.7% and precision with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 0.8%–1.7% (n = 6). The total chromatographic runtime was optimized to 6 minutes. Application of this method to Seventy-five commercial cutting boards revealed PCP-Na residues in five samples, with concentrations ranging from 1.3 to 416 mg/kg. This approach features streamlined sample preparation, high sensitivity, robust accuracy, and rapid analysis, making it particularly suitable for routine monitoring of PCP-Na residues in bamboo and wooden food contact materials.

A study was conducted to investigate the performance of biojarosite as a catalyst in Fenton oxidation with and without the presence of the chelating agent ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA). The addition of EDTA resulted in increased iron dissolution, confirming the role of EDTA as a chelating agent. The heterogeneous catalytic properties of jarosite were confirmed by the removal efficiencies of 93.5 and 83.4%, with and without EDTA, respectively. The Box–Behnken method was employed as a Design of Experiments tool to identify suitable experimental runs. Both Fenton oxidation and EDTA-based Fenton oxidation were examined separately, with PCP removal being the response variable. In the case of Fenton oxidation, the optimization process resulted in the selection of 0.1–1 g/L of iron catalyst, 100–1,000 mg/L of H2O2, and a pH range of 2.5–3.5. On the other hand, for EDTA-based Fenton oxidation, the optimal conditions were determined to be 0.1–1 g/L of iron catalyst, 100–1,000 mg/L of H2O2, and a pH range of 6.5–7.5. ANOVA was conducted to analyze the results, and the model fit was examined.

A three-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship (3D-QSAR) model is built by using a comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) technique with an experimentally determined logarithm of bioconcentration factors (logBCFs) for 36 phenols in fish. Meanwhile, with the pentachlorophenol (PCP) molecule as target molecules, contributions of the molecular fields indicate that the electrostatic fields are the main influences on the bioconcentration of the PCP molecule. Based on the analytical results of CoMSIA contour map of PCP and PCP molecular docking with SOD protease (PDB ID: 4A7T), the R 6 substituent positions of PCP were modified to give seven new modified PCP molecules with low bioconcentration in this paper. The energy barrier calculation of the new modified PCP molecular reaction pathways can infer the order of the substitution reaction s as –SCl > –CH 2 Cl > –COCl > –CCl 3  > –CH=CH 2  > –NO 2  > –SH. These calculations, combined with anaerobic biodegradation, ecotoxic effect, and mobility of new modified PCP molecules, enable a new environmentally friendly compound when the Cl at the R 6 position of PCP was replaced with –COCl substituent with low bioconcentration (reduced by 32.89%), ecotoxic effect basically unchanged (increased by 1.37%), anaerobic biodegradation increased (increased by 24.81%), and mobility basically unchanged (reduced by 0.94%) to be designed.