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"Perception (Psychology)"
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Unraveling the neurophysiological underpinnings of social anxiety through body language: An ERP study
Body language plays a vital role in emotion perception, yet the involuntary neural mechanisms through which individuals with social anxiety process these signals remain unclear. This research investigates these mechanisms by analyzing visual components such as P3a, P1, and N190 within a three-stimulus oddball paradigm.
Participants were classified into high social anxiety (HSA, n = 31) and low social anxiety (LSA, n = 26) groups using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS). The paradigm employed custom-designed distractors depicting positive, negative, and neutral body expressions to examine the involuntary processing of these stimuli.
The findings indicate that individuals with high social anxiety (HSA) showed significantly higher P3a amplitudes than those with low social anxiety (LSA), especially for positive body expressions. In contrast, negative expressions elicited the weakest amplitudes. The N190 component responded most strongly to positive expressions and least to negative ones, while the P1 component showed uniform responses across all types.
HSA individuals process body expressions more intensely and are highly sensitive to them, regardless of valence. This insight can inform interventions targeting their cognitive and emotional biases.
•Investigates involuntary processing of body expressions in social anxiety using ERPs.•High social anxiety group shows heightened P3a amplitudes for positive body expressions.•N190 component reveals sensitivity to emotional valence, with highest response to positive expressions.•Findings suggest biased cognitive resource allocation in high social anxiety individuals.
Journal Article
Face value : the irresistible influence of first impressions
\" We make up our minds about others after seeing their faces for a fraction of a second--and these snap judgments predict all kinds of important decisions. For example, politicians who simply look more competent are more likely to win elections. Yet the character judgments we make from faces are as inaccurate as they are irresistible; in most situations, we would guess more accurately if we ignored faces. So why do we put so much stock in these widely shared impressions? What is their purpose if they are completely unreliable? In this book, Alexander Todorov, one of the world's leading researchers on the subject, answers these questions as he tells the story of the modern science of first impressions. Drawing on psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience, computer science, and other fields, this accessible and richly illustrated book describes cutting-edge research and puts it in the context of the history of efforts to read personality from faces. Todorov describes how we have evolved the ability to read basic social signals and momentary emotional states from faces, using a network of brain regions dedicated to the processing of faces. Yet contrary to the nineteenth-century pseudoscience of physiognomy and even some of today's psychologists, faces don't provide us a map to the personalities of others. Rather, the impressions we draw from faces reveal a map of our own biases and stereotypes. A fascinating scientific account of first impressions, Face Value explains why we pay so much attention to faces, why they lead us astray, and what our judgments actually tell us. \"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Sensory perception in autism
Key Points
Sensory symptoms have been observed since early reports of autism spectrum conditions but historically were thought to represent secondary consequences of differences in social-cognitive processing.
Developmental research suggests that sensory symptoms manifest early in development and contribute unique variance to the diagnostic criteria of autism.
Neuroimaging evidence suggests that sensory symptoms originate from differences in low-level processing in sensory-dedicated regions in the autistic brain and offer insight into circuit-level alterations.
Although common behavioural paradigms are not yet in place, sensory-processing differences are evident in genetic animal models of the condition and may represent promising translatable biomarkers of autism.
Individuals with autism show differences in both social cognition and basic sensory processing. In this Review, Robertson and Baron-Cohen discuss human and animal studies of sensory processing in autism and present possible explanations of how they relate to changes in neural processing and cognition.
Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental condition, and little is known about its neurobiology. Much of autism research has focused on the social, communication and cognitive difficulties associated with the condition. However, the recent revision of the diagnostic criteria for autism has brought another key domain of autistic experience into focus: sensory processing. Here, we review the properties of sensory processing in autism and discuss recent computational and neurobiological insights arising from attention to these behaviours. We argue that sensory traits have important implications for the development of animal and computational models of the condition. Finally, we consider how difficulties in sensory processing may relate to the other domains of behaviour that characterize autism.
Journal Article
The Oxford handbook of social cognition
This handbook provides a comprehensive review of social cognition, ranging from its history and core research areas to its relationships with other fields. The 43 chapters included are written by eminent researchers in the field of social cognition, and are designed to be understandable and informative to readers with a wide range of backgrounds.
Book
Visuo-spatial Working Memory and Individual Differences
In this timely and comprehensive text, Cesare Cornoldi and Tomaso Vecchi describe their recently developed experimental approach to the investigation of visuo-spatial cognition, based upon the analysis of individual differences. A review of the most influential theoretical advances in the study of visuo-spatial cognition is presented, including both critical analysis and comparisons between the distinct approaches. In addition, the authors describe recent research into memory for spatial configurations, mental manipulation and the active integration of visuo-spatial information. This includes studies on the effects of congenital blindness on mental imagery abilities, developmental and age-related modifications, gender effects, and the role of genetic syndromes in determining visuo-spatial abilities. The authors draw together these distinct areas of research and integrate the findings within an innovative framework of working memory. This text will be a valuable resource for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students of psychology, as well as researchers in the fields of cognitive psychology, neuropsychology and neuroscience.
Introduction. The Study of Individual Differences in Visuo-spatial Abilities. Models and Components of Visuo-spatial Representation and Working Memory. Gender Differences in Visuo-spatial Abilities. Individual Differences in Children's Visuo-spatial Working Memory. Visuo-spatial Working Memory in Ageing. Imagery, Blindness and Visuo-spatial Working Memory. Visuo-spatial Abilities in Genetic Syndromes. A Continuity Approach to Visuo-spatial Working Memory. References.
Cornoldi and Vecchi tackle this topic in a coherent and systematic fashion, giving a very convincing demonstration of the scientific value to be gained from an individual differences approach. - Robert H. Logie, University of Aberdeen, UK An excellent appreciation of the many subtle conceptual and practical issues that arise in attempting to investigate the nature and function of mental imagery. The theoretical analysis of visuo-spatial working memory is highly original and constitutes a serious challenge for previous accounts. - John T. Richardson, Open University, UK
eBook
On the edge : the art of risking everything
In the bestselling 'The Signal and the Noise', Nate Silver showed how forecasting would define the age of Big Data. Now, in this timely book, Silver investigates 'The River,' or those whose mastery of risk allows them to shape - and dominate - so much of modern life. These professional risk takers - poker players and hedge fund managers, crypto true-believers and blue-chip art collectors - can teach us much about navigating the uncertainty of the 21st century. By embedding within these worlds, Silver offers insight into a range of issues that affect us all, from the frontiers of finance to the future of AI. The River has increasing amounts of wealth and power in our society, and understanding their mindset - including the flaws in their thinking - is key to understanding what drives technology and the global economy today.
BOOK
To which world regions does the valence–dominance model of social perception apply?
Over the past 10 years, Oosterhof and Todorov’s valence–dominance model has emerged as the most prominent account of how people evaluate faces on social dimensions. In this model, two dimensions (valence and dominance) underpin social judgements of faces. Because this model has primarily been developed and tested in Western regions, it is unclear whether these findings apply to other regions. We addressed this question by replicating Oosterhof and Todorov’s methodology across 11 world regions, 41 countries and 11,570 participants. When we used Oosterhof and Todorov’s original analysis strategy, the valence–dominance model generalized across regions. When we used an alternative methodology to allow for correlated dimensions, we observed much less generalization. Collectively, these results suggest that, while the valence–dominance model generalizes very well across regions when dimensions are forced to be orthogonal, regional differences are revealed when we use different extraction methods and correlate and rotate the dimension reduction solution.
Journal Article
Posterior parietal cortex represents sensory history and mediates its effects on behaviour
A working memory task in rats demonstrates that the posterior parietal cortex is a critical locus for the representation and use of prior stimulus information.
How sensory history affects behaviour
Recent sensory experiences, even when irrelevant to the current task at hand, bias memory and perception in humans and monkeys. Carlos Brody and colleagues show that sensory stimulus history also influences the working memory of rats. Silencing the activity of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), an area previously implicated in working memory, paradoxically improved the rats' performance in a memory and behaviour task—identifying and reporting the loudest of two auditory stimuli. This improvement was due to the selective reduction of the effects of previous sensory stimuli. Electrophysiological recordings showed that PPC neurons carried more information about sensory stimuli of previous trials than about stimuli of the current trial. These findings suggest a role for PPC in maintaining information on recent sensory history.
Many models of cognition and of neural computations posit the use and estimation of prior stimulus statistics
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: it has long been known that working memory and perception are strongly impacted by previous sensory experience, even when that sensory history is not relevant to the current task at hand. Nevertheless, the neural mechanisms and regions of the brain that are necessary for computing and using such prior experience are unknown. Here we report that the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is a critical locus for the representation and use of prior stimulus information. We trained rats in an auditory parametric working memory task, and found that they displayed substantial and readily quantifiable behavioural effects of sensory-stimulus history, similar to those observed in humans
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. Earlier proposals that the PPC supports working memory
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predict that optogenetic silencing of this region would impair behaviour in our working memory task. Contrary to this prediction, we found that silencing the PPC significantly improved performance. Quantitative analyses of behaviour revealed that this improvement was due to the selective reduction of the effects of prior sensory stimuli. Electrophysiological recordings showed that PPC neurons carried far more information about the sensory stimuli of previous trials than about the stimuli of the current trial. Furthermore, for a given rat, the more information about previous trial sensory history in the neural firing rates of the PPC, the greater the behavioural effect of sensory history, suggesting a tight link between behaviour and PPC representations of stimulus history. Our results indicate that the PPC is a central component in the processing of sensory-stimulus history, and could enable further neurobiological investigation of long-standing questions regarding how perception and working memory are affected by prior sensory information.
Journal Article