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Background/Objectives The use of mobile ophthalmology applications (MOA) is increasing, but many of these tools have not been validated. This study was performed to assess the accuracy of a popular MOA, Eye Handbook , in measuring five commonly-tested vision assessment parameters (distance visual acuity (DVA), near visual acuity (NVA), colour vision testing (CVT), contrast sensitivity (CS), and pupillary distance (PD)) was compared with traditional vision assessment methods (TVAM) [i.e. Snellen chart, Rosenbaum near card, Ishihara, Pelli Robson test, etc.] performed in the eye clinic setting. Subjects/Methods Prospective crossover clinical trial of 129 patients meeting inclusion criteria. Results Participants averaged significantly better DVA ( p  = 0.0008), NVA ( p  < 0.0001), and CVT ( p  = 0.0105) in the MOA than the TVAM, but all three MOA assessments were predictive of the TVAM values. CS was significantly better with the MOA ( p  < 0.0001). Linear regression and Spearman correlation tests were applied to assess the effect of CS on NVA, which showed no clear relationship between the difference in NVA and the difference in CS. PD using the two methods was in agreement with no significant difference ( p  = 0.2889). Conclusion The studied MOA offers an effective means of measuring four common vision parameters: DVA, NVA, CVT, and PD. The MOA can potentially be used by eye care providers, health care providers, and patients, both as a screening tool with correction factor and to monitor ocular pathologies. Atypical MOA measurements should prompt testing in the clinic with formal TVAMs.

A primary task of the eye care professional is determining the refraction, or optical correction, of a patient. The duochrome red-green test is a standard tool for verification of the final refraction. Traditionally, it is recommended for use both prior to and subsequent to determining the cylindrical or astigmatic component of the refraction. In order for it to be effective when used before correcting the cylinder it is necessary that the COLC (Circle of Least Confusion) be on the retina. This study examined whether it is necessarily true that the duochrome response in uncorrected astigmatism will be as trust-worthy as it is with corrected cylinders. The red-green examination was performed monocularly under the following three conditions: a. fully corrected refraction for the subgroup of eyes that had spherical refractions and for the subgroup of eyes with sphero-cylindrical refractions. b. best sphere-only correction without cylinder correction in sphero-cylindrical eyes c. an induced cylinder error in spherical eyes. The interval between the last \"red\" response and the first \"green\" response for the right eyes as a group and separately for the physiological cylinder and induced cylinder correction sub-groups was calculated and compared using a paired, two-tailed t-test. The intervals between \"red\" and \"green\" responses were not significantly different in the population as a whole and in the uncorrected physiological cylinder and induced cylinder subgroups examined. Based on the finding that the interval of red-green equality with fully corrected cylinder and without the cylindrical correction are not significantly different, the red-green duochrome test can indeed be used both before and after cylindrical correction.

Time flies when you're having fun, but what is it about pleasant experiences that makes time seem to go by faster? In the experiments reported here, we tested the proposal that approach motivation causes perceptual shortening of time during pleasant experiences. Relative to a neutral state or a positive state with low approach motivation (Experiment 1), a positive state with high approach motivation shortened perceptions of time. Also, individual differences in approach motivation predicted shorter perceptions of time. In Experiment 2, we manipulated approach motivation independently of the affective state and showed that increasing approach motivation caused time to be perceived as passing more quickly. In Experiment 3, we showed that positive approach motivation, as opposed to arousal, shortens perception of time by comparing a highly arousing positive state with a highly arousing negative state. Shortening of time perception in appetitive states may prolong approach-motivated behavior and increase the likelihood of acquiring appetitive objects or goals.

Researchers and companies are paying increasing attention to corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs and the reaction to them by consumers. Despite such corporate efforts and an expanding literature exploring consumers' response to CSR, it remains unclear how consumers perceive CSR and which \"Gestalt\" consumers have in mind when considering CSR. Academics and managers lack a tool for measuring consumers' perceptions of CSR (CPCSR). This research explores CPCSR and develops a measurement model. Based on qualitative data from interviews with managers and consumers, the authors develop a conceptualization of CPCSR. Subsequently, model testing and validating occurs on three large quantitative data sets. The conceptualization and the measurement scale can assist companies to assess CPCSR relative to their performance. They also enable managers in identifying shortcomings in CSR engagement and/or communication. Finally, the paper discusses implications for marketing practice and future research.

The aim of the study was to assess color perception in the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test in individuals addicted to narcotic substances, and to analyze the acquired color vision disorders, depending on the duration of addiction and abstinence. Ninety-five persons were qualified for the study. All the subjects were divided into 3 groups. Group I (drug addicts) comprised 45 individuals addicted to narcotic substances and nicotine. Group II (smokers) consisted of 30 individuals addicted only to nicotine, and group III (abstinents) included 20 individuals free of addictions. In all the study groups anamnesis, survey, standard ophthalmological examination and the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test were performed. In the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test the mean values of total error score (TES) for the purposes of the analysis, expressed in the values of square root (√TES), proved to be significantly higher in group I than in the two other groups (p < 0.001). In group I, the √TES values exceeding critical values of age norms occurred significantly more frequently than in groups II (p < 0.01) and III (p < 0.05). A positive correlation between duration of addiction and the √TES values was indicated (ρ = 0.234, p < 0.05). The longer was the period of abstinence, the lower were the √TES values, indicating the improved ability to distinguish between colors. The Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test proved useful in the detection and assessment of acquired dyschromatopsy induced by narcotic substances. The observed disorders appeared to be dependent on the duration of addiction and abstinence. Med Pr 2016;67(6):777-785.

This study used a signal detection paradigm to explore the Marley hypothesis—that group differences in perception of racism reflect dominant-group denial of and ignorance about the extent of past racism. White American students from a midwestern university and Black American students from two historically Black universities completed surveys about their historical knowledge and perception of racism. Relative to Black participants, White participants perceived less racism in both isolated incidents and systemic manifestations of racism. They also performed worse on a measure of historical knowledge (i.e., they did not discriminate historical fact from fiction), and this group difference in historical knowledge mediated the differences in perception of racism. Racial identity relevance moderated group differences in perception of systemic manifestations of racism (but not isolated incidents), such that group differences were stronger among participants who scored higher on a measure of racial identity relevance. The results help illuminate the importance of epistemologies of ignorance: cultural-psychological tools that afford denial of and inaction about injustice.

Consumers use warmth and competence, two fundamental dimensions that govern social judgments of people, to form perceptions of firms. Three experiments showed that consumers perceive nonprofits as being warmer than for‐profits but as less competent. Further, consumers are less willing to buy a product made by a nonprofit than a for‐profit because of their perception that the firm lacks competence. Consequently, when perceived competence of a nonprofit is boosted through subtle cues that connote credibility, discrepancies in willingness to buy disappear. In fact, when consumers perceive high levels of competence and warmth, they feel admiration for the firm—which translates to consumers’ increased desire to buy. This work highlights the importance of consumer stereotypes about nonprofit and for‐profit companies that, at baseline, come with opposing advantages and disadvantages but that can be altered.

It is well known that non-human animals respond to information encoded in vocal signals, and the same can be said of humans. Specifically, human voice pitch affects how speakers are perceived. As such, does voice pitch affect how we perceive and select our leaders? To answer this question, we recorded men and women saying ‘I urge you to vote for me this November’. Each recording was manipulated digitally to yield a higher- and lower-pitched version of the original. We then asked men and women to vote for either the lower- or higher-pitched version of each voice. Our results show that both men and women select male and female leaders with lower voices. These findings suggest that men and women with lower-pitched voices may be more successful in obtaining positions of leadership. This might also suggest that because women, on average, have higher-pitched voices than men, voice pitch could be a factor that contributes to fewer women holding leadership roles than men. Additionally, while people are free to choose their leaders, these results clearly demonstrate that these choices cannot be understood in isolation from biological influences.

Purpose: To evaluate the reproducibility of a new colour test, using the Chromatometer CM3. Methods: Twenty healthy subjects were recruited at the Department of Ophthalmology, at the Medical University of Vienna. A total of 40 eyes were tested. Both eyes were tested separately with the Chromatometer CM3. The colour test was repeated after several days. Each time, best-corrected visual acuity was tested using Snellen charts, and colour perception was tested using the Chromatometer CM3. Results: The Chromatometer CM3 showed reproducible results between the two tests at almost every luminosity level. All 4 green-red measurements and 2 blue-yellow brightness measurements showed reproducible results between the first and second tests. Conclusion: The Chromatometer CM3 seems to be an appropriate method to detect changes in colour perception, although the red-green comparison appeared to be more precise than the blue-yellow comparison.

The current study aimed to identify whether the project-based approach affects the visual perception skills of five-year-old preschool children (60-72 months). The universe of the study was constituted of five-year-old (60-72 months) children enrolled in preschools affiliated with the Turkish Ministry of National Education in the provincial centre of Kayseri during the 2012-2013 academic year. The study was performed using a control group, pretest-posttest and retention test study design. The study was conducted in two preschools selected through the simple random sampling method, and with one class selected from each one of these kindergartens. 22 children in these classes formed the study group, while 22 children formed the control group. Children in the control group continued their normal education, while children in the study group took part in a project work that lasted for 41 days, and which they performed for three hours a day. A general information form and the Motor-Free Visual Perception Test 3 (MVPT-3) developed by Colarusso and Hammill (2003) – the reliability and validity study for which was performed by Metin (2014) – were used as data collection tools in the study. The obtained data were analyzed using covariance analysis (ANCOVA) and ANOVA. The study results indicated that the project-based approach led to a significant difference (p<0.001) between the groups in terms of visual perception skill levels, with the study group exhibiting a higher level of visual perception.The study results also showed that the difference between the mean scores for the post-test and retention test was not significant (p>0.05) for children in the study group, thus indicating that the education provided to the study group had a lasting and continuous effect. Bu araştırmada, proje yaklaşımına dayalı eğitimin beş yaş (60-72 ay) çocuklarının görsel algı becerilerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Ön test-son test-kalıcılık testi kontrol gruplu deneysel desende gerçekleştirilen çalışmanın evreninin Kayseri il merkezinde bulunan Milli Eğitim Müdürlüğü’ne bağlı anaokulları ve bu okullarda bulunan beş yaş (60-72 ay) grubu çocuklar oluşturmuştur. Çalışmada anaokulları arasından basit tesadüfî örnekleme yoluyla iki anaokulu ve bu anaokullarından seçilen birer sınıf ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu sınıflarda bulunan 22 çocuk deney, 22 çocuk kontrol grubu olarak belirlenmiştir. Kontrol grubundaki çocuklar normal eğitim programlarına devam ederken deney grubundaki çocuklarla her gün 3 saat olmak üzere 41gün süren üç proje çalışması yapılmıştır. Çalışmada veri toplam aracı olarak genel bilgi formu ve Colarusso ve Hammill (2003) tarafından geliştirilen ve Metin (2014) tarafından geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması yapılan Motor Beceriden Bağımsız Görsel Algı Testi-3 (Motor-Free Visual Perception Test 3- MVPT-3 ) kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler Kovaryans analizi (ANCOVA) ve ANOVA ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda uygulanan proje yaklaşımına dayalı eğitimin deney grubu çocukların lehinde görsel algı beceri düzeylerinde anlamlı bir farkın olduğu (p<0,001), deney grubundaki çocukların son test ve kalıcılık testi puan ortalamaları arasında farklılığın anlamlı olmadığı (p>0,05) ve uygulanan eğitimin etkisinin devam ettiği saptanmıştır.