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Lithium-ion batteries are electrochemical energy storage devices that have enabled the electrification of transportation systems and large-scale grid energy storage. During their operational life cycle, batteries inevitably undergo aging, resulting in a gradual decline in their performance. In this paper, we equip readers with the tools to compute system-level performance metrics across the lifespan of a battery cell. These metrics are extracted from standardized reference performance tests, also known as diagnostic tests, conducted periodically during battery aging experiments. We analyze the diagnostic tests from a publicly available dataset (Pozzato et al. in Data Brief 41:107995, 2022 ) that consists of the capacity test, high pulse power characterization test, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. We provide detailed calculation methodologies and MATLAB ® scripts required to extract capacity, energy, state-of-charge, state-of-energy, open-circuit voltage, internal resistance, power, incremental capacity, and differential voltage. The MATLAB ® scripts developed to generate the plots in this paper have been made accessible to the public (Ha et al. in Mendeley Data, V3, 2023 ). The primary objective of this paper is to provide an accessible guide for undergraduate and graduate students, educators, and researchers interested in characterizing the performance and health metrics of batteries. Such characterizations are critical to the development of battery aging models that can be used to improve cycle life estimation and advance battery management system algorithms.

The article proposes a new model for defining and implementing performance tests used in the process of designing and operating IT systems. By defining the objectives, types, topological patterns, and methods of implementation, a coherent description of the test preparation and execution is achieved, facilitating the interpretation of results and enabling straightforward replication of test scenarios. The model was used to develop and implement performance tests in a laboratory environment and in a production system. The proposed division of the testing process into layers correlated with the test preparation steps allows to separate quasi-independent areas, which can be handled by isolated teams of engineers. Such an approach allows to accelerate the process of implementation of performance tests and may affect the optimization of the cost of their implementation.

The corrosion of the rotating axis pins of the short suspender will lead to the rotating restriction of its end, which will lead to the corrosion of the parallel wires and affect the performance of the short suspender. In this study, the technical condition of the rotating restricted short suspender unfixed from the suspension bridge was carefully detected. An axial tensile performance test was carried out on these short suspenders, and the subsequent availability of the rotating restricted suspender was evaluated based on the size of the fracture gap. The rotationally limited working conditions of these short suspenders were skillfully simulated by the specially designed tooling, and the fatigue performance test of the rotating restricted short suspender was carried out. A simplified simulation method was proposed based on the random traffic theory. By introducing traffic data obtained from the WIM system, the stress response of the short suspenders caused by vehicles on each lane was simulated, and the simulation results were converted by the rain flow counting method. The residual life of the rotating restricted short suspender was predicted by the comparison between the fatigue test results and the fitting curve of the simulation results. From this study, several of the following conclusions can be summarized: The measured fracture gap size is negatively correlated with the effective area of the suspender, and the gap size of 8mm is a key value. When the fatigue load cycle reaches 345,000 times, the suspender is already in a dangerous state. Additionally, the fractured gap size is considered as the judgment basis for the usability of rotating restricted short suspenders. When the gap size is less than 8 mm, the suspender can be continually used after maintenance and should be updated after 6 years. Otherwise, the suspender needs to be replaced immediately.

Laser cutting of electrodes for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) has been studied to achieve high cut‐edge quality. However, the effects of contaminants generated during laser processing and the influence of cut‐edge quality on battery performance have not been sufficiently clarified. Consequently, mechanical cutting is still predominantly used in industrial electrode fabrication. In this study, the effects of active material thickness and compression on laser cutting of electrodes are analyzed in terms of cut‐edge quality, the amount of active material removal (AMR), and battery performance. Regardless of compression, relatively thin electrodes exhibit wider kerf widths and top widths compared to thick electrodes. Furthermore, six distinct physical phenomena were observed on the cut surfaces of the electrodes after laser processing. In terms of material removal, more active material is removed from thick or uncompressed electrodes than from thin or compressed ones during laser cutting. Finally, a half‐cell performance test was conducted to compare the areal capacity of electrodes with different configurations after laser cutting. The compressed electrodes exhibited higher areal capacity than the uncompressed ones, attributed to the reduced removal of active material during the cutting process.

Ground-based airglow UV-Vis spectral radiometric measurements are of great significance for the study of the characteristics of the middle and upper atmosphere. The airglow radiance produced by collisions between atoms/molecules and electrons is very weak, and it is also affected by atmospheric absorption. This requires that ground-based airglow observation spectrometers must possess high sensitivity, measurement accuracy, and stability. After comprehensively considering technical parameters, cost, and development cycle, an integrated design scheme is proposed, which takes a commercial high-sensitivity grating spectrometer as the core and carries out optical system modifications, including the matching design of a pretelescope, out-of-band suppression module, and high-precision detector temperature control system. The development of a UV-Vis spectrometer system for ground-based airglow radiation measurement has been completed. Laboratory performance tests were conducted on the system, and the results showed that: the detection wavelength range was 300.51 nm-650.83 nm, the spectral resolution was ≤2 nm, and the spectral radiance sensitivity was less than 1.1E-10 W/cm 2 /um/sr. Supplementary typical target signal-to-noise ratio: meets the design specification requirements.

To date, clinical trials have failed to find an effective therapy for victims of traumatic brain injury (TBI) who live with motor, cognitive, and psychiatric complaints. Pre-clinical investigators are now encouraged to include male and female subjects in all translational research, which is of particular interest in the field of neurotrauma given that circulating female hormones (progesterone and estrogen) have been demonstrated to exert neuroprotective effects. To determine whether behavior of male and female C57BL6/J mice is differentially impaired by TBI, male and cycling female mice were injured by controlled cortical impact and tested for several weeks with functional assessments commonly employed in pre-clinical research. We found that cognitive and motor impairments post-TBI, as measured by the Morris water maze (MWM) and rotarod, respectively, were largely equivalent in male and female animals. However, spatial working memory, assessed by the y-maze, was poorer in female mice. Female mice were generally more active, as evidenced by greater distance traveled in the first exposure to the open field, greater distance in the y-maze, and faster swimming speeds in the MWM. Statistical analysis showed that variability in all behavioral data was no greater in cycling female mice than it was in male mice. These data all suggest that with careful selection of tests, procedures, and measurements, both sexes can be included in translational TBI research without concern for effect of hormones on functional impairments or behavioral variability.

Content validity is key when developing a new outcome measurement instrument or selecting an existing measurement instrument. Without good content validity, wrong conclusions can be drawn about an outcome that is measured. In this article, we explain that content validity refers to the relevance, comprehensiveness, and comprehensibility of the instruments' content. Content validity is not only relevant for patient-reported outcome measures but also for other outcome measurement instruments, such as clinician-reported outcome measures and performance-based tests. It is preferably assessed in qualitative studies, eg, focus group studies or Delphi studies. When developing an instrument, the focus is first on the relevance and comprehensiveness of the content of the instrument, then the content is developed, and next its comprehensibility is evaluated. Steps may be repeated. When evaluating content validity of an existing measurement instrument, the three aspects of content validity are evaluated at the same time. Content validity helps to understand whether the content of the measurement instrument is a sufficient representation of the outcome being measured (relevance and comprehensiveness), and whether the formulation used in the measurement instrument (eg, to describe instructions, items, tasks, explanations) is sufficiently understood (comprehensibility) by the people involved in the measurement.

As more and more UHVDC transmission lines are put into operation or under construction, the demand for space electromagnetic environment monitoring around transmission lines is increasingly urgent. In view of the lack of effective measuring instruments and methods for spatial DC electric field, this paper studies the spatial electric field measurement of DC line with a field mills MEMS electric field sensor. The relationship between the output current of the sensor and the intensity of the DC electric field is derived. In view of the error caused by the space accumulation of induced charge on the cover of the sensor, the structure of the sensor is further designed. In the new structure design, the shielding electrode grounding method is used to solve the accumulation of space charge on the shielding sheet. After calibrating and testing the response characteristics of the sensor in the performance test platform, the sensor is used in the DC line space electric field simulation test experiment. The output results of MEMS sensor at different spacing and voltage levels are consistent with the electric field distribution law. The measurement results prove that the designed structure is feasible to measure the space electric field of DC line, which is important for monitoring the electromagnetic environment.

Sulfur recovery units (SRU) have an important role in the industrial production of elemental sulfur from hydrogen sulfide, whereas the generated acidic gas emissions must be controlled and treated based on local and international environmental regulations. Herein, Aspen HYSYS V.11 with Sulsim software is used to simulate the industrial and treatment processes in a refinery plant in the Middle East. In the simulation models, in temperature, pressure, flow, energy, and gas emissions were monitored to predict any expected change that could occur during the industrial processes. The simulation models were validated by comparing the obtained data with actual industrial data, and the results showed low deviation values. The simulation results showed that the current process temperature conditions can work efficiently for sulfur production without causing any environmental consequences. Interestingly, the simulation results revealed that sulfur can be produced under the optimized temperature conditions (20° less than design temperatures) with a total amount of steam reduction by 1040.12 kg/h and without any negative impact on the environment. The steam reduction could have a great economic return, where an average cost of 7.6 $ per ton could be saved with a total estimated cost savings by 69,247.03 $ per year. The simulation revealed an inaccurate production capacity calculated by real data in the plant during the performance test guarantee (PTG) where the real data achieved around 1 ton/h higher capacity than the simulation result, with an overall recovery efficiency of 99.96%. Based on this significant result, a solution was raised, and the level transmitters were calibrated, then the test was repeated. The simulation models could be very useful for engineers to investigate and optimize the reaction conditions during the industrial process in sulfur production facilities. Hence, the engineers can utilize these models to recognize any potential problem, thereby providing effective and fast solutions. Additionally, the simulation models could participate in assessing the performance test guarantee (PTG) calculations provided by the contractor.

Aiming at the measurement laboratory with many types of testing equipment, many test items, low automation of instruments and equipment, inconsistent data interface standards, ineffective coordination of testing services, low level of laboratory testing resources and data sharing, and difficulty in achieving effective data and resources connection, etc. Problem, design and develop an intelligent detection system for full performance test of measurement equipment. The research and development of the full-performance test intelligent detection system replaces manual operation with standardized automatic operation, which improves the consistency, standardization and reliability of the full-performance test of the measurement equipment, and realizes the reproducibility and traceability of the test. The automatic collection of full performance test data has been realized, laying a solid foundation for the construction of the national industrial basic database.