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"Periodic table"
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Recent attempts to change the periodic table
The article concerns various proposals that have been made with the aim of improving the currently standard 18-column periodic table. We begin with a review of 8-, 18- and 32-column formats of the periodic table. This is followed by an examination of a possible, although rather impractical, 50-column table and how it could be used to consider the changes to the periodic table that have been predicted by Pyykkö in the domain of superheavy elements. Other topics reviewed include attempts to derive the Madelung rule as well as an analysis of what this rule actually provides. Finally, the notion of an ‘optimal’ periodic table is discussed in the context of recent work by philosophers of science who have examined the nature of classifications in general, as well as the notion of natural kinds. The article takes an unapologetically philosophical approach rather than focusing on specific data concerning the elements. Nevertheless, some pragmatic issues and educational aspects of the periodic table are also examined. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Mendeleev and the periodic table’.
Journal Article
MultiTraits': an integrated R package for analysis and visualization of multidimensional plant traits
The multidimensional characteristics of plant traits and their trade‐offs are central to ecology. However, there is a lack of systematic and standardized tools for analyzing these intricate relationships. To fill this gap, we developed the ‘MultiTraits' R package, which incorporates four complementary analytical modules: competitors–stress tolerators–ruderals strategy analysis, leaf–height–seed strategy analysis, niche periodic table analysis, and plant trait network analysis. This package provides standardized workflows and highly customizable visualization tools, enabling researchers to systematically explore and quantify multidimensional plant trait data. Using the Pine Forests Flora dataset as a case study, we demonstrated the package's effectiveness in identifying plant community trait patterns and ecological strategies. We anticipate that the ‘MultiTraits' package will become an essential tool for functional ecology research, facilitating systematic exploration of multidimensional plant trait data and driving new insights in the field.
Journal Article
A theoretical study of the bond-dissociation enthalpies (BDH), N–R bond lengths and proton affinities of N-substituted pyrroles, imidazoles and pyrazoles with R substituents along the periodic table
The properties (geometry, bond-dissociation enthalpies and proton affinities) of three azoles, pyrrole, imidazole and pyrazole, with twenty-two
N
-substituents R covering a significant part of the periodic table [1 (lithium group, alkaline), 2 (beryllium group, alkaline earth), 13 (boron group, triel), 14 (carbon group, tetrel), 15 (nitrogen group, pnictogen), 16 (oxygen group, chalcogen) and 17 (fluorine group, halogen) of the periods 2, 3 and 4 plus the hydrogen] have been calculated with the G4 composite ab initio method. These three properties were discussed with regard to the azole and to the group R using as model compound the amines H
2
N–R. The large set of compounds and their consistency allowed finding many equations that related different calculated properties. General properties such as bond-dissociation enthalpies, BDH, N–R bond lengths and proton affinities were tested in search of simple equations that explain the calculated properties.
Graphical abstract
Journal Article
The elements of life
Here we describe the function of essential elements in biology and discuss about various aspects of these elements in human life as well as in bacteria and plants. The article highlights the importance of 28 essential elements in life from both chemical and biological perspective and their role in enzyme functions and several other biological pathways. Although the journey through periodic table illustrates the specific functions of a few elements, there may be other elements whose functions in living systems are poorly understood. Many drug molecules and metal-complexes have been discovered in the recent past for diagnosis and therapeutic purpose, which also highlight the importance of metal ions and synergistic functions of elements in human and other organisms.
Journal Article
The periodic table
\"The periodic table is the way scientists have organized the 118 known elements. But up-and-coming scientists can learn much from the periodic table as well. In this book, they'll learn how to read the periodic table, including what an element's atomic number means and what the rows and columns signify. They'll gather facts about common and interesting elements and even discover how they can predict how elements might chemically react from their position in the table. Fact boxes and images add additional information to the accessible text.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Isomer number patterns in aromatic hydrocarbon chemistry: the numbers speak for themselves
The unique organizational framework for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons developed by us has led to the discovery of number patterns for their number of isomers. Constant-isomer series are generated by repetitive circumscribing of a given set of isomers. Benzenoid, fluoranthenoid, indacenoid, and primitive coronoid constant isomer series possess twin isomer numbers with members having corresponding topologies. The concepts of strictly pericondensed, strain-free, Clar’s aromatic sextet, and symmetry are interconnected in the topological correspondence between strictly pericondensed and total resonant sextet (TRS) benzenoid hydrocarbons. In a plot of TRS isomer numbers on the Formula Periodic Table for Total Resonant Sextet Benzenoids [Table PAH6(TRS)] which is a subset of Table PAH6 for ordinary benzenoids, structural correlations in isomer numbers, symmetry distributions, and empty rings between various strain-free TRS benzenoids are presented. These chemical graph theoretical results belong to the branch of mathematics called number theory.
Journal Article