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"Personality and culture Case studies."
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Culture and Identity in a Muslim Society
In the last fifteen years, psychologists have rediscovered culture and its influence on emotion, thought, and self. Research appeared to produce a consensus that the world's cultures can be ranked on dimensions of individualist vs. collectivist, with Western cultures falling at the individualist end, and non-Western cultures at the collectivist end. Studies seemed to further indicate that individualist cultures give rise to \"independent\" selves so that Westerners think and act autonomously while collectivist cultures foster \"interdependent\" selves with permeable boundaries that embed non-Westerners in social relationships so that they think and act relationally. Culture and Identity presents an alternative to the individualist vs. collectivist approach to identity. Unlike most psychological and anthropological studies of culture and self, it directly studies individuals, using study of lives-style interviews with young adults living in villages and small towns in southern Morocco. It analyses the life-narratives of two men and two women, building a theory of culture and identity that differs from prevailing psychological and anthropological models in important respects. In contrast to modernist theories of identity as unified, the life-narratives show individuals to articulate a small set of shifting identities. But in contrast to post-modern theories that claim people have a kaleidoscopic multiplicity of fluid identities, the narratives show that the identities are integrated by repeated use of culturally-specific self-symbols, metaphors, and story-plots. Perhaps most importantly, the life-narratives show these young Moroccans self-representations to be pervasively shaped by the volatile cultural struggle between Western-style modernity and authentic Muslim tradition. Offering a new approach to the study of identity, the volume will be of interest to cross-cultural psychologists, anthropologists, and scholars specialising in the study of lives.
eBook
Aquaculture environment changes fish behavioral adaptability directly or indirectly through personality traits: a case study
The expansion of the scale of the aquaculture industry is one significant characteristic of global changes. However, the effects of the husbandry environment on fish phenotypic plasticity especially on fish behavioral adaptability got less attention. Moreover, whether fish boldness and brain neurogenesis mediate the environmental effects on fish behaviors was not clear. In this study, a batch of natural and husbandry rockfish Sebastes schlegelii were sampled, and the boldness, behavioral adaptability, and neurogenesis molecular markers of these fish were determined. Generally, our results showed that husbandry fish had significantly more sheltering behavior (MANOVA, P = 0.009), risk-taking behavior (MANOVA, P = 0.037), time duration spent to launch predatory behavior (MANOVA, P = 0.015), and higher fish boldness (MANOVA, P < 0.001) compared to natural fish, and meanwhile bold fish presented significantly more risk-taking behavior (LMM, P < 0.001), and less sheltering behavior (LMM, P = 0.05), flexible behavior (LMM, P = 0.022), and time duration spent to launch predatory behavior (LMM, P = 0.019) compared to shy fish. Overall, boldness almost had no effects on any neurogenesis processes, and meanwhile, environmental effects were also very limited (LMM, all P > 0.05). The structural equation model showed that the environmental effects on behavioral capacities were direct, indirect, or both direct and indirect (global goodness-of-fit: Fisher’s C = 18.672, P = 0.097), which were the trade-offs between survival environment and fish boldness. These results provide novel and fundamental knowledge for improving the ecological fitness of husbandry fish in biodiversity protection under the background of global environmental changes and urbanization.
Journal Article
Investigations of Temperament at Three to Seven Years: The Children's Behavior Questionnaire
This article reviews evidence on the reliability and validity of the Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ), and presents CBQ data on the structure of temperament in childhood. The CBQ is a caregiver report measure designed to provide a detailed assessment of temperament in children 3 to 7 years of age. Individual differences are assessed on 15 primary temperament characteristics: Positive Anticipation, Smiling/Laughter, High Intensity Pleasure, Activity Level, Impulsivity, Shyness, Discomfort, Fear, Anger/Frustration, Sadness, Soothability, Inhibitory Control, Attentional Focusing, Low Intensity Pleasure, and Perceptual Sensitivity. Factor analyses of CBQ scales reliably recover a three-factor solution indicating three broad dimensions of temperament: Extraversion/Surgency, Negative Affectivity, and Effortful Control. This three-factor solution also appears to be reliably recovered in ratings of children in other cultures (e.g., China and Japan). Evidence for convergent validity derives from confirmation of hypothesized relations between temperament and socialization-relevant traits. In addition, parental agreement on CBQ ratings is substantial. The CBQ scales demonstrate adequate internal consistency, and may be used in studies requiring a highly differentiated yet integrated measure of temperament for children in this age range.
Journal Article
Reconstructing the Lifelong Learner
How is adult learning used to produce personal, organisational and social change? This interesting examination of adult learning for change illustrates through diverse case studies and theoretical perspectives that personal change is inextricably linked to broader organisational and social change. The authors explore how theorising education as a vehicle for self-change is relevant to the practices of educators, learning specialists and others concerned with promoting learning for change. The book examines the relationship between pedagogy, identity and change, and illustrates this through a range of case studies focusing on the following: * Self-help books * Work-based learning * Corporate culture training * AIDS education * Gender education * Sex offender education. A concluding chapter discusses how writing an academic text is itself a pedagogical practice contributing to the identities of authors. This unique text will be of interest to students of education, sociology, cultural studies and change management as well as teachers, educators and professionals involved in lifelong learning or change management in any way.
eBook
Why do employees have counterproductive work behavior? The role of founder’s Machiavellianism and the corporate culture in China
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the mechanism of how Machiavellian corporate culture (MCC) affects employees’ counterproductive work behaviours.
Design/methodology/approach
Through a three-phase grounded study on the data of a single case amounting to over 170,000 words, this qualitative study explores why employees exhibit counterproductive work behaviours.
Findings
The results indicated that the implications of the MCC of family businesses in China include the following three dimensions: low trust, control orientation, and status orientation. In this corporate cultural context, employees exhibit counterproductive work behaviours because they perceive low organisational justice, psychological contract violation, and low trust. Among them, psychological contract violation serves as a triggering mechanism due to the organisational context and trust is crucial to employee counterproductive work behaviour.
Research limitations/implications
In this study, the results are derived merely from the observation of and generalisation about one case; more therefore, empirical studies are required.
Practical implications
Numerous family business owners in China exhibit a high level of Machiavellian personality traits, and this personality tends to determine the implications of corporate culture. In order to establish a diverse culture, a heterogeneous top manager team must be developed and a new organisational culture must be established from top down.
Originality/value
This study extends the research scopes of employee personality and behaviours as well as leaders’ personality traits and employee emotions, and proposes a theoretical framework of leaders’ personality-culture-employee behaviours as a contribution to studies on organisational behaviour, theories of corporate social responsibility, and development of corporate culture.
Journal Article
INFUSING HUMILITY AS A LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT TOOL: An Exploratory Instrumental Case Study
An exploratory instrumental case study design was used to study interactions between leaders and employees at a large faith-based nonprofit healthcare organization. The study used a four-part intervention to infuse humility into leaders’ language, verbal expressions, and non-verbal behaviors, as well as the physical settings in which the interactions occurred. The study made a unique contribution to the field of leadership education in several ways. The researcher worked closely with two leader-practitioners to develop customized leader humility programs using the intervention tool. Following each leader-employee interaction, leaders had a chance initially to reflect on the experience through a journaling exercise and subsequently to discuss the experience in a one-on-one interview with the researcher. This article shares the key findings from the study along with each leader’s unique development experience, as well as a recommendation for people who are charged with developing leaders in academic or organizational settings.
Journal Article
Predicting personality disorder functioning styles by the Chinese Adjective Descriptors of Personality: a preliminary trial in healthy people and personality disorder patients
Background
Cultural and personality factors might contribute to the clinical differences of psychiatric patients all over the world including China. One cultural oriented Chinese Adjective Descriptors of Personality (CADP) designed to measure normal personality traits, might be specifically associated with different personality disorder functioning styles.
Methods
We therefore have invited 201 healthy volunteers and 67 personality disorder patients to undergo CADP, the Parker Personality Measure (PERM), and the Plutchik-van Praag Depression Inventory (PVP) tests.
Results
Patients scored significantly higher on PVP scale and all 11 PERM personality disorder functioning styles, as well as CADP Emotional and Unsocial traits. The PVP was significantly correlated with some CADP traits and PERM styles in both groups. In healthy volunteers, only one CADP trait, Unsocial, prominently predicted 11 PERM styles. By contrast in patients, CADP Intelligent predicted the PERM Narcissistic and Passive-Aggressive styles; CADP Emotional the PERM Paranoid, Borderline, and Histrionic styles; CADP Conscientious the PERM Obsessive-Compulsive style; CADP Unsocial the PERM Schizotypal, Antisocial, Narcissistic, Avoidant, Dependent, and Passive-Aggressive styles; CADP Agreeable the PERM Antisocial style.
Conclusion
As a preliminary study, our results demonstrated that, in personality disorder patients, all five CADP traits were specifically associated with almost all 11 personality disorder functioning styles, indicating that CADP might be used as an aid to diagnose personality disorders in China.
Journal Article
Fictional dialogue and characterisation in Nelson Makuya’s short stories in A zwi faneli
This article examines the role of fictional dialogue in character development in Tshikhusese Nelson Makuya’s anthology of short stories, particularly in his 1972 collection A zwi faneli. Fictional dialogue is a vital literary device that reveals the complexities of characters’ identities, motivations and cultural backgrounds, yet it remains underexplored in African languages literature. This article analyses how dialogue functions as a literary tool for characterisation, explicitly focussing on the themes of personality traits and relationships, thereby addressing a significant gap in existing literary studies. Employing a qualitative research methodology, the article uses textual analysis to closely examine the characters’ dialogues, idiolects and interactions. It is framed within a dialogic theoretical framework, which emphasises the relational nature of identity and the dynamic evolution of characters through verbal exchanges. This framework, developed by Mikhail Bakhtin, helps understand how characters’ identities are shaped and revealed through their dialogues. Contribution: Findings indicate that fictional dialogue is instrumental in articulating characters’ thoughts and emotions, reflecting their identities and social standings. The article highlights that dialogue reveals personality traits and illustrates the intricacies of relationships among characters, enriching their portrayal. As a recommendation for future research, the article suggests exploring the influence of cultural context on dialogue in Makuya’s works and other African language literature. The focus on Makuya is due to the under-exploration of his works in scholarly literature, particularly regarding the significance of dialogue in revealing character traits and relationships within cultural contexts. This investigation could provide deeper insights into how sociocultural factors shape character development and interactions, ultimately enhancing the understanding of narrative techniques in African literary studies.
Journal Article