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Five past midnight in Bhopal
\"One of the premier historians of our time, Dominique Lapierre is the author of such stirring classics as Is Paris Burning? and The City of Joy. Famed for uncovering the humanity in historic events, he here joins forces with acclaimed writer Javier Moro. Together they investigate and chronicle each fateful moment counting down to what happened.\" \"Union Carbide was a huge American corporation whose leaders had only the best intentions. In New York they invented a miracle insecticide. In ancient Bhopal, they formulated the lethal gas needed to produce it and built a giant plant to process it.\" \"But at five past midnight on December 3, 1984, toxic gas leaked out of a pesticide tank. By one-thirty geysers were spitting poison into the night wind. The apocalypse had begun. Banks of deadly fog filled nearby slums. Lungs burst. Corneas burned. Death would strike in seconds and no one was prepared: neither the bride at her wedding banquet nor the peasants who came to Bhopal for a better life, nor the shoemaker rousing his neighbors to flee their huts nor the Scottish nun risking all to rescue lost children. By night's end, over half a million Bhopalis were drowning in pain and chaos, and between 16,000 and 30,000 would die in the worst industrial disaster in history.\"--Jacket.
Study on Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emission Control and Reduction Potential in the Pesticide Industry in China
The pesticide industry is one of the primary industries with large and complex VOC emissions. The present study examined the emission characteristics and whole-process control of VOCs in the pesticide industry in China by reviewing pollutant discharge permits, questionnaires, and site investigations. After evaluating the effectiveness of current treatment technologies, the potential of VOC emission reduction in China was analyzed. The results indicate that there are 41 key VOC substances in the pesticide industry that should be given considerable attention. Among treatment facilities, incineration was found to be the most efficient technology, with a removal rate of 53–98% and coverage rate of 23.3%. Multistage absorption–adsorption is a universal technology that had a removal rate of 35–95% and coverage rate of 64.14%. Multistage absorption was used most frequently, with a coverage rate of 71.99%, but its removal rate was between 16 and 85%. Pesticide factories were divided into three levels according to their pollution control capability; the comprehensive removal rates of benchmark, moderate, and poor factories were 81%, 46%, and 8%, respectively, and the emission reduction ratios for high, moderate, and low targets were 41.55%, 32.12%, and 24.32% with corresponding emission reduction costs of$0.653, $ 0.505, and $0.038 billion/year. The results and prospects from this study will provide support for policy development in industrial VOC emission control in China during the “14th Five-Year Plan” period.
Journal Article
Tuning the Red-to-Green-Upconversion Luminescence Intensity Ratio of Nasub.3ScFsub.6: 20% Ybsup.3+, 2% Ersup.3+ Particles by Changes in Size
Na[sub.3]ScF[sub.6]: 20% Yb[sup.3+], 2% Er[sup.3+] samples were synthesized with different reaction times and reaction temperatures using the solvothermal method. We carried out a series of tests on Na3ScF6 crystals. The XRD patterns showed that the monoclinic phases of the Na[sub.3]ScF[sub.6] samples could be synthesized under different reaction conditions, and doping with Yb[sup.3+] ions and Er[sup.3+] ions did not change the crystal structures. The SEM images showed that the sizes of the samples gradually increased with reaction time and reaction temperature. The fluorescence spectra showed that the emission peaks of the prepared samples under 980 nm near-infrared (NIR) excitation were centered at 520 nm/543 nm and 654 nm, corresponding to the [sup.2]H[sub.11/2]/[sup.4]S[sub.3/2]→[sup.4]I[sub.15/2] and [sup.4]F[sub.9/2]→[sup.4]I[sub.15/2] transitions, respectively. With the increasing size of the samples, the emission intensities at 654 nm increased and the luminescence colors changed from green to red; at the same time, the red-to-green luminescence intensity ratios (IR/IG ratios) increased from 0.435 to 15.106-by as much as ~34.7 times. Therefore, this paper provides a scheme for tuning the IR/IG ratios of Na[sub.3]ScF[sub.6]: 20% Yb[sup.3+], 2% Er[sup.3+] samples by changing their sizes, making it possible to enhance the intensity of red upconversion, which has great potential for the study of color displays and lighting.
Journal Article
Development of Ring-Expansion RAFT Polymerization of Itert/I-Butyl Acrylate with a Cyclic Trithiocarbonate Derivative toward the Facile Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers
Polymers with cyclic topology have no terminal structure and, therefore, exhibit various unique physical and functional properties compared to those of linear analogs. In this paper, we report an innovative methodology for the synthesis of cyclic polymers via ring-expansion RAFT (RE-RAFT) polymerization of vinyl monomers using a cyclic trithiocarbonate derivative (CTTC) as a RAFT agent. RE-RAFT of tert-butyl acrylate (TBA) was performed to yield a mixture of polymers exhibiting a bimodal size exclusion chromatography (SEC) trace. Both the peak top molecular weights shifted to higher-molecular-weight regions as the monomer conversion increased. The structure of the resulting polymer mixture was examined by [sup.1]H NMR and MALDI-TOF-MS. Detailed studies indicated that the obtained polymer of higher molecular weight was one of the large-sized cyclic polymers generated by the fusion of smaller-sized cyclic polymers during the RE-RAFT polymerization process. This approach opens the door to the simple synthesis of well-controlled cyclic polymers with complex structures, such as alternating and multi-block repeat unit sequences.
Journal Article
Gallium-Containing Ionic Liquids as Highly Active Catalysts in Organic Synthesis
The chemical industry still requires development of environmentally friendly processes. Acid-catalysed chemical processes may cause environmental problems. Urgent need to replace conventional acids has forced the search for sustainable alternatives. Metal-containing ionic liquids have drawn considerable attention from scientists for many years. These compounds may exhibit very high Lewis acidity, which is usually dependent on the composition of the ionic liquid with the particular content of metal salt. Therefore, metal-containing ionic liquids have found a lot of applications and are successfully employed as catalysts, co-catalysts or reaction media in various fields of chemistry, especially in organic chemistry. Gallium(III)- and indium(III)-containing ionic liquids help to transfer the remarkable activity of metal salts into even more active and easier-to-handle forms of ionic liquids. This review highlights the wide range of possible applications and the high potential of metal-containing ionic liquids with special focus on Ga(III) and In(III), which may help to outline the framework for further development of the presented research topic and synthesis of new representatives of this group of compounds.
Journal Article
Effect of Various Acid Solutions on the COsub.2 Dissolution Rate, Morphology, and Particle Size of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate Synthesized Using Seashells
In this study, the influence of acid solutions on the production of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) using seashells was investigated. In terms of the Ca dissolution efficiency and atmosphere for dissolving CO[sub.3] [sup.2−], the results indicate that HCl, HNO[sub.3], CH[sub.3]COOH, and HCOOH at 1.0 M were the most ideal among the acid solutions. The use of weak acids resulted in the low degree of dissolution of Al and Fe. These impurities could be mostly removed through the pH adjustment process, leading to PCC with a purity of 99% or more. Further, CH[sub.3]COOH and HCOOH exhibited low CaCO[sub.3] carbonation efficiency owing to the hydrogen bonding of the carboxyl group and its hindering effect on the growth of CaCO[sub.3] particles. In addition, in the presence of the carboxyl group, the morphology tended to be oval, and the particle size was small. Particularly, when CH[sub.3]COOH was used, the combined effect of the low initial Ca ion concentration and slow CO[sub.2] dissolution rate resulted in minimal changes during the carbonation time and the smallest particle size. However, variations in the degree of Ca concentration with a change in the acid solution concentration influenced the dominance of nucleation and particle growth, leading to variations in the particle size. The results of this study revealed that when manufacturing PCC using seashells, the appropriate acid solution must be selected to obtain the required PCC properties.
Journal Article
Extraction of Camphor Tree Essential Oil by Steam Distillation and Supercritical COsub.2 Extraction
The essential oil extracted from Cinnamomum camphora leaves is a mixture of volatile compounds, mainly terpenes, and is widely used in medicine, perfume and chemical industries. In this study, the extraction processes of essential oil from Cinnamomum camphora leaves by steam distillation and supercritical CO[sub.2] extraction were summarized and compared, and the camphor tree essential oil was detected by GC/MS. The extraction rate of essential oil extracted by steam distillation is less than 0.5%, while that of supercritical CO[sub.2] extraction is 4.63% at 25 MPa, 45 °C and 2.5 h. GC/MS identified 21 and 42 compounds, respectively. The content of alcohols in the essential oil is more than 35%, and that of terpenoids is more than 80%. The steam extraction method can extract volatile substances with a low boiling point and more esters and epoxides; The supercritical method is suitable for extracting weak polar substances with a high alcohol content. Supercritical CO[sub.2] extraction can selectively extract essential oil components and effectively prevent oxidation and the escape of heat sensitive substances.
Journal Article
The Use and Storage of Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) at Bayer CropScience
The use of hazardous chemicals such as methyl isocyanate can be a significant concern to the residents of communities adjacent to chemical facilities, but is often an integral part of the chemical manufacturing process.
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