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This book provides a thorough and balanced introduction to refinery engineering topics, from basic concepts and unit operations to overall refinery economics, planning and control. Based on the fundamentals of thermodynamics and kinetics, the text develops the scientific background needed to understand refinery operations, provides an in-depth description of major refinery processes, and then assimilates an integrated refinery by focusing on the economic and operational aspects for enhancing performance and profitability. Important subjects which are not commonly considered in refinery texts, such as clean fuels, gasification, biofuels, automatic control, environmental impacts as well as the planning and supply chain of refinery operations are included. Throughout, the book provides numerous opportunities to put fundamental refining principles into practice. Many worked examples offer clear understanding of the covered subjects. Provides balanced coverage of fundamental and operational topics Includes spreadsheets and process simulators for showing trends and simulation case studies Relates processing to planning and management to give an integrated picture of refining

Given the increasingly serious ozone pollution, petroleum refining has received more attention, since it is one of the dominant volatile organic compound-emitting industries in China. Volatile organic compound emission source identification, control efficiency classification, emissions calculation, emission factor generation and uncertainty analysis were performed in this study. According to the VOC emission control level, petroleum refining enterprises were divided into three levels, accounting for 10.6%, 54.4% and 35% of the total refining capacity, and 0.6%, 1.2%, and 3% were generated as the emission factor for each designed level, respectively. The total volatile organic compound emissions of the China petroleum refining industry in 2020 are estimated to be 1150 Kt by applying the hierarchical accounting method. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of volatile organic compound emissions was analyzed. The emission intensity of 15 cities is greater than the national average value of 0.12 tons/km2, where the highest level is approximately 2.7 tons/km2. To reduce the volatile organic compound emissions of PR enterprises, the collection efficiency and operation effect of treatment facilities are the most important points based on the analysis of the current situation of volatile organic compound emissions in the PR industry in China.

PurposeThis paper aims to select key criteria for sustainable vendor assessment and spare-parts supplies in the Indian petroleum refining sector using stochastic fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (SFTOPSIS).Design/methodology/approachThe criteria for sustainable vendor evaluation and selection are identified from the review of the literature and further; it is finalized using the Delphi method. Eight supply chain (SC) experts from the Indian petro refining sector were identified as having more than five years of experience and agreed to participate in this study (known as decision-makers (DM)). Five vendors supplying spare-parts are shortlisted from the market with the discussion and consent of procurement experts from petroleum refineries. Subsequently, criteria and vendors are rated based on relative importance in linguistic terms from the group of eight DMs. As ratings involve uncertainties in the decision-making, the SFTOPSIS method is applied to determine criteria weight and vendor ranking at a distinct significance level (α). The ranking of the vendors is obtained for sustainable supply of spare-parts in the Indian petro refining sector using the SFTOPSIS method.FindingsThe ranking of sustainable vendors is obtained through the integrated application of the fuzzy and stochastic approach to capture the uncertainties in the ratings of DMs. The sensitivity analysis is carried out at distinct confidence limits of a normal distribution to obtain a robust ranking of the vendors. In this paper, a case application of SFTOPSIS in the Indian petro refining sector is presented in which key criteria and the vendor ranking are found to be changing with confidence limit for sustainable vendor evaluation.Practical implicationsThe fuzziness and randomness in relative ratings collects from a group of DMs are taken in the proposed methodology. The distinct approaches are compared with changing significance-level under stochastic, fuzzy and deterministic TOPSIS to acquire robustness in the ranking. The proposed SFTOPSIS model can be useful to practitioners from the petroleum sector.Originality/valueThe originality of the paper contributes to an application of the SFTOPSIS method that is the extension of FTOPSIS in the petro refining sector of a developing country. The sensitivity analysis with distinct significance-level shows the uncertainties in the collected ratings from the DMs that supports robustness in the ranking. It might be helpful for SC professionals from the petro refining sector, who assess the rank of the vendors at different confidence limits for sustainable supply of spare-parts. Further research in the petroleum industry from emerging economies needs to be undertaken to broaden its scope and applicability.

Modeling and Simulation of Catalytic Reactors for Petroleum Refining deals with fundamental descriptions of the main conversion processes employed in the petroleum refining industry: catalytic hydrotreating, catalytic reforming, and fluid catalytic cracking. Common approaches for modeling of catalytic reactors for steady-state and dynamic simulations are also described and analyzed. Aspects such as thermodynamics, reaction kinetics, process variables, process scheme, and reactor design are discussed in detail from both research and commercial points of view. Results of simulation with the developed models are compared with those determined at pilot plant scale as well as commercial practice. Kinetics data used in the reactor model are either taken from the literature or obtained under controlled experiments at the laboratory.

This book addresses this overarching challenge for the petroleum community with clear explanations on what causes fouling, current models and new approaches to evaluate and study the formation of deposits, and how todays models could be applied from lab experiment to onsite field usability for not just the refinery, but for the rig, platform, or pipeline. This book is a must-have reference for every petroleum engineers library that gives the basic framework needed to analyze, model, and integrate the best fouling strategies and operations for crude oil systems