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This compendium gives an overview of the technologies and economics in the production of olefins in the petrochemical industries. It highlights the options and costs for producing olefins using different technologies and different feedstocks at a time when the cost of carbon dioxide emissions are set to be included in the production cost. Industry professionals, engineers, research scientists and financiers will find this title a valuable resource.

This compendium gives an overview of the technologies and economics in the production of olefins in the petrochemical industries. It highlights the options and costs for producing olefins using different technologies and different feedstocks at a time when the cost of carbon dioxide emissions are set to be included in the production cost. Industry professionals, engineers, research scientists and financiers will find this title a valuable resource.

The advent of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) has revolutionized the petroleum industry by providing a swift and straightforward method for the spectroscopic characterization of crude oil. This review paper delves into the significant strides made in LF-NMR technology since its inception by Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell in 1946, particularly its application in determining the composition, viscosity, and water content of crude oil, alongside SARA (Saturates, Aromatics, Resins, and Asphaltenes) analysis. LF-NMR’s ability to noninvasively quantify the total water and oil content, differentiate between bound and mobile phases, and measure the SARA fractions underscores its superiority over traditional analysis methods, which often suffer from interference and lack of precision. This manuscript not only highlights LF-NMR’s pivotal role in enhancing crude-oil characterization but also reviews recent developments that solidify its position as an indispensable tool in the petroleum industry. The convergence of empirical studies and technological advancements points toward a pressing need for further research to fully exploit LF-NMR’s potential and refine its application, ensuring its continued contribution to the efficient and accurate analysis of petroleum products.

This review comprehensively focuses on catalyst dense-phase packing technology. It provides a systematic review of its principles, characteristics, and applications across diverse fields. A detailed comparison between dense-phase packing and traditional packing methods is presented, along with an in-depth analysis of its application status in petrochemical, fine-chemical, and other industries. The innovative trends of this technology in packing equipment and processes, as well as the challenges and countermeasures in its application, are thoroughly discussed. The aim is to offer a comprehensive and profound reference for relevant research and industrial practices, guiding future development in this crucial area of chemical engineering.

Technological innovations in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing have enabled tremendous amounts of natural gas to be extracted profitably from underground shale formations that were long thought to be uneconomical. In this paper, we provide the first estimates of broad-scale welfare and distributional implications of this supply boom. We provide new estimates of supply and demand elasticities, which we use to estimate the drop in natural gas prices that is attributable to the supply expansion. We find large, positive welfare impacts for four broad sectors of gas consumption (residential, commercial, industrial, and electric power) and a negative impact for producers, with variation across regions. We then examine the evidence for a gas-led \"manufacturing renaissance\" and for pass-through to prices of products such as retail natural gas, retail electricity, and commodity chemicals. We conclude with a discussion of environmental externalities from unconventional natural gas, including limitations of the current regulatory environment. Overall, we find that between 2007 and 2013 the shale gas revolution led to an increase in welfare for natural gas consumers and producers of $48 billion per year, but more data are needed on the extent and valuation of the environmental impacts of shale gas production.

Sequencing batch reactor Grundfos technology (SBR-GT) system efficiently treats municipal and selected industrial wastewater, designed for small and medium-scale facilities. It offers advanced solutions for biodegradable wastewater, including municipal and food industry effluents. Important features include stable sedimentation under fluctuating influent conditions, no need for sludge recirculation, and full process automation. The system uses a static decanter and constant chamber filling for optimal oxygenation efficiency and reduced costs. The system uses a static decanter and constant chamber filling for optimal oxygenation efficiency and reduced costs. It is ideal for small settlements with variable inflow, such as towns, allowing flexible operation and cost-effective maintenance. Implementations showed stable parameters for COD (chemical oxygen demand), BOD5 (biochemical oxygen demand), total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) and up to 99% pollutant reduction, demonstrating high effectiveness in regular and stormwater conditions. Using multivariate multiple linear regression, significant relationships were identified. A multiple regression analysis revealed a strong relationship between water quality parameters. Total suspended solids, Total nitrogen, and Total phosphorus collectively and significantly influenced both chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand (p < 0.01 for all). The models explained a high proportion of variance, with R2 values of 0.99 for COD and 0.93 for BOD5 (p < 0.001 for both). Specifically, TSS had a strong positive effect on COD (p < 0.001), while TN and TP also significantly affected COD (p < 0.01). Although the overall BOD5 model was highly significant, the individual effects of TSS, TN, and TP on BOD5 were not statistically significant in this model. This method demonstrated high effectiveness in both regular and stormwater conditions, enhancing overall treatment performance.

Replacing petroleum feedstock with biomass in the production of fuels and value-added chemicals carries considerable appeal. As in industrial chemistry more broadly, high-throughput experimentation has greatly facilitated innovation in small-scale exploration of biomass production and processing. Yet biomass is hard to transport, potentially hindering the integration of manufacturing-scale processes. Moreover, the path from laboratory breakthrough to commercial production remains as tortuous as ever.

Energy consumption is defined as one of the main determinants of environmental degradation. Therefore, this issue becomes one of the main points of debate to achieve sustainable development. This research examines how a set of economic factors determine the energy consumption in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries, for which second-generation econometric methods have been used that control cross-sectional dependence issues. Therefore, the results, using nonlinear methods, suggest the presence of Jevons' paradox in these countries. However, under the Jevons' paradox scenario, technological innovation becomes a factor that mitigates energy demand. Contrary to the foreign direct investment that contributes significantly to the increase in energy consumption, from the results found, some policy implications are derived in the framework of achieving sustainable development.

This research attempts to model the association of crude oil imports with several macroeconomic factors such as renewable energy, transport services, trade, industrial value-added, and patents, using Germany’s annual data covering the period of 1990–2020. Employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag model, this study finds a significant co-integration relationship among targeted variables. Moreover, this study provides empirical evidence on the influence of given macroeconomic factors in determining crude oil imports of Germany. Results reveal that transport services and industrial value-added positively and significantly influence crude oil imports in the long and short run. Similarly, trade is discovered to have a significant positive impact on oil imports only in the long run. In contrast, findings reveal a significant negative association of renewable energy with crude oil imports. Hence, this research implies that the transportation sector and industrial production strongly depend on crude oil consumption. At the same time, promoting renewable energy in these segments could significantly help economies control crude oil demand and achieve sustainability by reducing the economic burden and protecting the environment.