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The increase of carbon-dioxide-doubling-induced warming (climate sensitivity) in the latest climate models is primarily attributed to a larger extratropical cloud feedback. This is thought to be partly driven by a greater ratio of supercooled liquid-phase clouds to all clouds, termed liquid phase ratio. We use an instrument simulator approach to show that this ratio has increased in the latest climate models and is overestimated rather than underestimated as previously thought. In our analysis of multiple models, a greater ratio corresponds to stronger negative cloud feedback, in contradiction with single-model-based studies. We trace this unexpected result to a cloud feedback involving a shift from supercooled to warm clouds as climate warms, which corresponds to greater cloud amount and optical depth and weakens the extratropical cloud feedback. Better constraining this ratio in climate models – and thus this supercooled cloud feedback – impacts their climate sensitivities by up to 1 ˚C and reduces inter-model spread.

This work introduces a new air and moisture stable ionic liquid which is tested for the extraction of Pb 2+ from neutral aqueous solution. Here, no chelating agents were used. Grafting coordinating functional groups on the cation of the ionic liquid was not necessary. Very small ionic liquid to aqueous phase ratio was used. The ionic liquid used for this purpose was N-hexyl-4,4-bipyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide([C 6 byp][Tf 2  N]). Its synthesis is characterized by spectrometry ( 1  H, 13  C, and 19  F NMR, ESI-MS, FTIR) as well as Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen (CHN) elemental analysis. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been used to analyze in detail the thermal behavior in the temperature range of −20 to 200 °C. Interestingly, the ionic liquid demonstrated nearly complete removal of the metal ion from the aqueous phase (98.16%). Furthermore, the reusability (recyclability) investigation demonstrated that the ionic liquid can be used at least for four cycles with undiminished efficiency (98.16% for the second cycle, 97.64% for the third and fourth cycles). Its cycle ability reduces the concern arising from the high cost of ILs. This result indicates that the use of this ionic liquid for the extraction of heavy metals is very promising. The mechanism of removal of the Pb 2+ ions is speculated to be by the formation of a complex with a formula of [Pb(C 6 bpy) n ][(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2  N] n (NO 3 ), where, n = 1-6.

Anatase/brookite nanocomposites were fabricated by the classical method of hydrolysis, additionally using hydrothermal treatment of preformed titanium dioxide sol with tetrabutyl orthotitanate. The influence of hydrothermal processing the buffer solution of TiO2 synthesis on the average particle sizes, specific surface area, pore sizes distributions, optical and photocatalytic properties investigated by X-ray diffraction, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption and UV-Vis spectroscopy. It has been determined that the hydrothermal treatment of pre-prepared titania sol as hydrolysis product leads to rutile formation after annealing at 400°C. Respective model of forming anatase/brookite/rutile nanocomposites was proposed. The changes of bang gap energy of TiO2 were observed and explained by effect of change phase composition and particles size of nanocomposite particles. Methylene blue (MB) photo-oxidation reactions using titanium dioxide nanocomposite were analyzed. Maximal photocatalytic activity of MB oxidation was detected for material with the ratio of the titania phases (anatase : brookite : rutile – 2 : 2 : 1). Synergistic effect between crystallinity, phase ratio, morphology of oxide material, band gap and photocatalytic activity in the anatase/brookite nanocomposites was established.

The high throughput preparation of emulsions with high internal volume fractions is important for many different applications, e.g., drug delivery. However, most emulsification techniques reach only low internal volume fractions and need stable flow rates that are often difficult to control. Here, we present a centrifugal high throughput step emulsification disk for the fast and easy production of emulsions with high internal volume fractions above 95%. The disk produces droplets at generation rates of up to 3700 droplets/s and, for the first time, enables the generation of emulsions with internal volume fractions of >97%. The coefficient of variation between droplet sizes is very good (4%). We apply our system to show the in situ generation of gel emulsion. In the future, the recently introduced unit operation of centrifugal step emulsification may be used for the high throughput production of droplets as reaction compartments for clinical diagnostics or as starting material for micromaterial synthesis.

The objective of the present experimental work is to obtain an appropriate welding parameter on pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) ferritic stainless steel AISI 409L with a thickness of 4.5 mm. Frequency affected penetration, and the ratio of bead width to penetration (aspect ratio) is the main objective of the research. A Taguchi L9 orthogonal array with three level four factors was chosen to execute the bead on plate welding. It leads to optimize the input process parameters on main effect plot via analysis of variance, and it has imposed to determine their contribution level of each parameter with respect to responses. Taguchi optimized conditions for butts weld with the pulsed TIG and its surface morphology, and mechanical characteristics of AISI 409L weld was investigated. A full penetration with an optimal aspect ratio was accomplished using high-frequency pulsing, according to the findings. The mechanical properties were characterized using Vickers microhardness and tensile tests on the base material and weld metals. Microstructural study revealed that these variables have a greater impact on the bead profile. Pulsed TIG showed maximum UTS of 445 MPa and a minimum of 385 MPa, with an average of three samples of 415 MPa. The weld metal in all of the zones had influenced superior tensile strength (UTS) as compared to base metal, according to the findings. The obtained strain percentage for both butt and TIG welds, however, was smaller than that of the parent metal. The formation of martensitic was attributed for the higher tensile strength with minimized ductility of the pulsed TIG welds. Furthermore, results on the hardness are in concurrence with the tensile experiments, as the zone for fusion has a higher hardness than the base metal. Corrosion behavior of the parent metal and welded specimen was analyzed using a potentio-dynamic polarization technique. The electrochemical behavior of base material and weld samples confirmed that the overall corrosion resistance is better in parent material than the other zones.

This study aimed to optimize the encapsulation of roselle anthocyanins in liposomes using the lyophilization monophase solution method. The investigation focused on three key variables: the phosphatidylcholine to cholesterol (PC) ratio, the aqueous to lipid phase ratio, and sonication time. The optimal conditions identified were a PC ratio of 1:1, an aqueous to lipid phase ratio of 40:60, and a sonication time of 20 minutes. Under these conditions, the encapsulation efficiency achieved was 74.45%, with a Z-average size of 528.72 nm and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.538. The morphological characteristics of the nanoliposomes were confirmed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which revealed their uniform structure. Additionally, FTIR spectroscopy indicated successful encapsulation, showing characteristic peaks corresponding to both the anthocyanins and the lipid components, confirming that the encapsulation process did not degrade the anthocyanins. Controlled release studies demonstrated a higher release of anthocyanins in lipophilic solutions (50% ethanol) compared to hydrophilic solutions (10% ethanol), highlighting the enhanced solubility and dispersibility of the encapsulated anthocyanins. These findings suggest that liposomal encapsulation effectively improves the stability and bioavailability of roselle anthocyanins, indicating promising applications in food and pharmaceutical formulations.

An approximate single-rigid-body (SRB) model for triple jump (Okubo and Hubbard, 2025) is used numerically to investigate total distance in terms of run-up speed and hop, step and jump takeoff angles. At each speed a single optimal combination of takeoff angles produces maximum total distance. Using the model with previously measured realistic elite takeoff angles confirms roughly linear correlation between loss of horizontal velocity and gain in vertical velocity during support. It is striking that the simple assumptions in the SRB model (regarding body orientation and lack of pitching angular velocity in flight) are able to account, even loosely, for the velocity conversion process, Yu and Hay, (1996). As total distance increases, the likelihood of a jump-dominated optimal strategy also increases with these features: horizontal speed is maintained in hop and step; jump and step takeoff angles are the largest and smallest, respectively, of the three; step distance is shortest. In the speed range 10.0–10.5 m/s the optimum jump-dominated technique is always best, but only marginally (almost too marginally to notice). The model evaluates importance of run-up speed which mostly affects takeoff speeds, but has almost no effect on optimal takeoff angles. Although the model is deterministic, it can be used with random initial conditions to understand uncertainty effects in jumper execution. Use of the model shows that phase ratios are not controllable parameters but only results.

Retention mechanisms in HILIC have been investigated and reported in literature. However, the current understanding of retention mechanisms is qualitative and lacks quantitative details. Previously, mechanism elucidation was based on indirect evidence, and unambiguous assignment of retention mechanisms has not been reported based on direct data. This study aims to quantitatively determine the contributions of two major retention mechanisms in HILIC, hydrophilic partitioning and surface adsorption to the overall retention of neutral compounds. Using the methodologies we developed previously, the phase ratio for adsorbed water layer and distribution coefficients were measured and used to calculate the retention factors contributed by hydrophilic partitioning. The methodology allows the determination of the contribution of surface adsorption simultaneously. The evaluation of five test compounds demonstrates that the retention may be controlled by hydrophilic partitioning, surface adsorption or both depending on compound characteristics. Quantitative assessment of retention mechanisms also makes it possible to better understand the effect of acetonitrile on retention in HILIC.

The evaluation of the time spent by a solute exclusively in the mobile phase (dead time) is of fundamental interest for the interpretation of the retention data and obtainment of thermodynamic parameters for the HPLC process. This parameter depends on the volume occupied by the mobile phase and on the volume of the effective stationary phase from the HPLC column, and the measurement of these volumes poses a real challenge. This review discusses the evaluation of volumes of various phases involved in the retention process of solutes, which are related to the dead time, and the phase ratio for the separation. This paper attempts to cover as many points of view as possible regarding this topic in liquid chromatography, which is of importance for almost all separation mechanisms.

This article investigates the relationship between the magnetic properties of magnets and the percentage and distribution of the CeFe2 phase at different sintering temperatures. At the lower sintering temperature, the grain boundary phase flow of the magnet is poor, more hole defects are generated in the magnet, and the comprehensive magnetic properties of the magnet are poor. An increase in sintering temperature increases the ratio of CeFe2 phase, improves the fluidity of grain boundary liquid phase, fills the hole defects and causes an increase in remanence. However, an increase in grain size also inhibits the coercivity of the magnet at this temperature. When the sintering temperature reaches 1080 °C, the CeFe2 phase ratio continues to increase, providing more liquid phase. The phase Ce2Fe17 was also decomposed into liquid phase, the continuity and wettability of grain boundary phase were optimized, and the coercivity reached a maximum of 13.18 kOe. However, the orientation of the magnet changed and the proportion of the main phase decreased, resulting in a slight decrease in the remanence (Br = 13.17 kGs).