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To disclose influences of ultrasonic vibration agitation on the carbonation resistance of cement-based materials after absorption of CO[sub.2], the variation laws in internal carbonization zone were explored by the testing carbonization depth and carbonization range (pH variation range) of cement mortar after CO[sub.2] absorption at different ages. Results demonstrated that when CO[sub.2] absorption volumes of the cement mortar before carbonization were 0.44%, 0.88%, 1.32%, 1.76%, and 2.20% (28 d), the carbonization depth under ultrasonic vibration decreased by 5.5%, 12.3%, 21.7%, 20.7%, and 26.7% compared to those under mechanical stirring, respectively. When the ultimate CO[sub.2] absorption volume increased to 2.2% of cement mass, the extended degree of cement mortar was 103.23 mm, which decreased by 5.4% compared to that before CO[sub.2] absorption. pH variation values of the carbonization range under ultrasonic vibration presented a rising trend with the increase of CO[sub.2] absorption volume of cement mortar before carbonation. This indicated that, with the increase of CO[sub.2] absorption volume of cement mortar before carbonation increases under ultrasonic vibration, the carbonization process of the hardened body of cement mortar might be decelerated to some extent. Additionally, changes in internal composition and physical images of cement-based materials after absorption of CO[sub.2] were analyzed through microtest means like SEM and XRD. A carbonation resistance model was constructed, thus enabling disclosure of the variation mechanism of carbonation resistance of cement-based materials after absorption of CO[sub.2] under mechanical stirring and ultrasonic vibration. Results demonstrated that the higher CO[sub.2] absorption volume of fresh slurry generated more \"nano-level\" CaCO[sub.3] crystal nucleus. Accordingly, it could improve the porous structure of the cement mortar, decrease the quantity of capillary tubes significantly, improve the compaction degree of cement-based materials effectively, and lower the diffusion rate of CO[sub.2] in the cement paste base, thus improving the carbonation resistance. Research conclusions have important significance to decrease CO[sub.2] emissions and improve carbonation resistance of concrete.

The aim of this study was to apply raspberry (Ras), blueberry (Blu) and elderberry (Eld) industry by-products (BIB) for unripened cow milk curd cheese (U-CC) enrichment. Firstly, antimicrobial properties of the BIBs were tested, and the effects of the immobilization in agar technology on BIB properties were evaluated. Further, non-immobilized ([sub.NI]) and agar-immobilized ([sub.AI]) BIBs were applied for U-CC enrichment, and their influence on U-CC parameters were analyzed. It was established that the tested BIBs possess desirable antimicrobial (raspberry BIB inhibited 7 out of 10 tested pathogens) and antioxidant activities (the highest total phenolic compounds (TPC) content was displayed by [sub.NI] elderberry BIB 143.6 mg GAE/100 g). The addition of BIBs to U-CC increased TPC content and DPPH[sup.−] (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl)-radical scavenging activity of the U-CC (the highest TPC content was found in C-Ra[sub.NI] 184.5 mg/100 g, and strong positive correlation between TPC and DPPH[sup.−] of the U-CC was found, r = 0.658). The predominant fatty acid group in U-CC was saturated fatty acids (SFA); however, the lowest content of SFA was unfolded in C-Eld[sub.AI] samples (in comparison with C, on average, by 1.6 times lower). The highest biogenic amine content was attained in C-Eld[sub.AI] (104.1 mg/kg). In total, 43 volatile compounds (VC) were identified in U-CC, and, in all cases, a broader spectrum of VCs was observed in U-CC enriched with BIBs. After 10 days of storage, the highest enterobacteria number was in C-Blu[sub.NI] (1.88 log[sub.10] CFU/g). All U-CC showed similar overall acceptability (on average, 8.34 points); however, the highest intensity of the emotion “happy” was expressed by testing C-Eld[sub.NI]. Finally, the BIBs are prospective ingredients for U-CC enrichment in a sustainable manner and improved nutritional traits.

A model combined with carbonization and radon migration is proposed to simulate radon exhaled from concrete under standard accelerated carbonization. Considering the diffusion and reaction consumption of CO.sub.2 as well as the diffusion and decay of radon in porous media, the surface radon exhalation rate of the test block is obtained, and the radon diffusion coefficient was modified. The functional relationship between the correction factor and the carbonation depth and carbonation age period under standard accelerated carbonation conditions was established. The revised simulated value was in good agreement with the experimental value.

As a major steel producer, China is now eager to develop feasible solutions to recycle and reuse steel slag. However, due to the relatively poor hydration activity of steel slag, the quantity of steel slag used as a supplemental binder material is limited. In order to improve the cementitious properties of steel slag, the strength and carbonation degree of the high-content steel slag powder–cement–metakaolin composite cementitious material system under CO[sub.2] curing conditions were investigated. The compressive strengths of the mortar specimens were tested and compared. The carbonation areas were identified and evaluated. A microscopic analysis was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry analysis (TG), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to reveal the chemical mechanisms. The results showed that CO[sub.2] curing significantly increased the early strength as the 3D compressive strength of the specimens increased by 47.2% after CO[sub.2] curing. The strength of the specimens increased with increasing amounts of metakaolin in a low water-to-binder ratio mixture. The 3D compressive strength of the specimens prepared with 15% metakaolin at a 0.2 water-to-binder ratio achieved 44.2 MPa after CO[sub.2] curing. Increasing the water-to-binder ratio from 0.2 to 0.5 and the metakaolin incorporation from 0% to 15% resulted in a 25.33% and 19.9% increase in the carbonation area, respectively. The calcium carbonate crystals that formed during carbonation filled the pores and reduced the porosity, thereby enhancing the strength of the mortar specimens. The soundness of the specimens after CO[sub.2] curing was qualified. The results obtained in the present study provide new insight for the improvement of the hydration reactivity and cementitious properties of steel slag powder.

Compared with Portland cement, geopolymers have poor carbonization resistance, which will greatly limit the application their application. To improve the carbonization resistance of geopolymers, firstly, the carbonization behavior of the fly ash-metakaolin-based geopolymer was studied through accelerated carbonization tests. Secondly, different amounts of Ca(OH)[sub.2] were introduced into the composite system, and the modification effect of the carbonization resistance of the modified geopolymer was studied. Finally, the modification effect of Ca(OH)[sub.2] on the fly ash-metakaolin-based geopolymers was analyzed, and the modification mechanism was explored. It was found that adding Ca(OH)[sub.2] to the fly ash-metakaolin-based geopolymer could significantly improve its initial compressive strength, but its strength after carbonization remained basically unchanged; meanwhile, the compressive strength of the terpolymer after carbonization clearly decreased after adding Ca(OH)[sub.2]. Compared with ordinary Portland cement, the carbonization rate of fly ash-metakaolin-based geopolymer is faster, and the addition of Ca(OH)[sub.2] can inhibit the development of its carbonization depth. With increased carbonization age, the alkalinity of the geopolymer decreased, and the addition of Ca(OH)[sub.2] inhibited the decrease in the alkalinity of the geopolymer. The addition of Ca(OH)[sub.2] improved the microstructure of the geopolymers, the pore structure became denser, and the pore size became smaller size after carbonization. The hydration products of fly ash-metakaolin-based geopolymer are mainly amorphous silicaluminate gel and C-S-H gel, and Ca(OH)[sub.2] forms in the hydration products of terpolymer with the incorporation of Ca(OH)[sub.2], which is conducive to improving the carbonization resistance. In summary, Ca(OH)[sub.2] can play a good role in modifying the carbonization resistance of fly ash-metakaolin-based geopolymers.

Herbal yogurt was produced individually with scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) extract (FSLE) and mint leaf (Mentha spp.) extract (FMLE) at different volumes (milliliter) and coded as plain yogurt (PY) having 300, PY+FSLE (290:10), PY+FSLE B (285:15), PY+FMLE (290:10), and PY+FMLE (285:15). The samples were analyzed. The proximate, micronutrient, physicochemical, phytochemical, microbial, and sensory characteristics of the yogurt samples were determined. Proximate composition results revealed that there was no significant difference (p<0.05) in all the proximate parameters. The moisture content of the samples ranged from 81.01% to 82.41%, protein content 6.62%-7.10%, fat content 4.63%-5.97%, and carbohydrate content 5.60%-6.07%. Fiber was not detected, and the ash content ranged from 0.076% to 1.09%. The physicochemical analysis showed that the pH values ranged from 4.27 to 4.32, and viscosity values ranged from 83.75 to 143.1mPa·s. Total titratable acidity ranged from 1.11% to 1.23%. The phytochemicals increased with increasing quantities of FSLE and FMLE; flavonoids ranged from 13.55 to 17.65μ g/g, tannin 3.37-4.46μ g/g, and saponin 5.26-7.45μ g/g. Lactic acid bacteria count decreased with extract addition (9.0×10[sup.4]-1.9×10[sup.4]cfu/g). The total viable count value ranged from 1.3×10[sup.3] to 4.0×10[sup.3]cfu/g while the mold count was not detected in the samples. The concentration of vitamin A varied from 0.17 to 0.34mg/100g, whereas the concentration of vitamin C ranged from 0.15 to 0.2934mg/100g. Calcium and potassium contents increased with the addition of the extracts. The sample PY+FMLE D (285:15mL) was most preferred for all sensory parameters except for appearance, and sample PY was most preferred for its appearance. The study shows that FSLE and FMLE could be used as herbs in the production of herbal yogurt.

Plum has long been cultivated in northern Thailand and evolved into products having long shelf lives. In this study, plum processing was analyzed by comparing the production of plum wine using three types of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. burgundy, Hanseniaspora thailandica Zal1, and S. cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118. EC1118 exhibited the highest alcohol content (9.31%), similar to that of burgundy (9.21%), and H. thailandica Zal1 had the lowest alcohol content (8.07%) after 14 days of fermentation. Plum wine fermented by S. cerevisiae var. burgundy had the highest total phenolic (TP) content and antioxidant activity of 469.84 ± 6.95 mg GAE/L and 304.36 ± 6.24 µg TE/g, respectively, similar to that fermented by EC1118 (418.27 ± 3.40 mg GAE/L 288.2 ± 7.9 µg TE/g). H. thailandica Zal1 exhibited the least amount of TP content and antioxidant activity; however, the volatility produced by H. thailandica Zal1 resulted in a plum wine with a distinct aroma.

The by-products of the circulating fluidized-bed boiler combustion (CFBC) of coal exhibit self-hardening properties due to the calcium silicates generated by the reaction between SiO[sub.2] and CaO, and the ettringite generated by the reaction of gypsum and quicklime with activated alumina. These reactions exhibit tendencies similar to that of the hydration of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). In this study, the self-hydration and carbonation reaction mechanisms of CFBC by-products were analyzed. These CFBC by-products comprise a number of compounds, including Fe[sub.2]O[sub.3], free CaO, and CaSO[sub.4], in large quantities. The hydration product calcium aluminate (and/or ferrite) of calcium aluminate ferrite and sulfate was confirmed through instrumental analysis. The CFBC by-products attain hardening properties because of the carbonation reaction between calcium aluminate ferrite and CO[sub.2]. This can be identified as a self-hardening process because it does not require a supply of special ions from the outside. Through this study, it was confirmed that CFBC by-products generate CaCO[sub.3] through carbonation, thereby densifying the pores of the hardened body and contributing to the development of compressive strength.

The invasive Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, has rapidly spread across the northeastern United States and is associated with pathogens of public health and veterinary concern. Despite its importance in pathogen dynamics, H. longicornis blood-feeding behavior in nature, specifically the likelihood of interrupted feeding, remains poorly documented. Here, we report the recovery of partially engorged, questing H. longicornis from active tick surveillance in Pennsylvania. Significantly more engorged H. longicornis nymphs (1.54%) and adults (3.07%) were recovered compared to Ixodes scapularis nymphs (0.22%) and adults (zero). Mean Scutal Index difference between unengorged and engorged nymph specimens was 0.65 and 0.42 for I. scapularis and H. longicornis, respectively, suggesting the questing, engorged H. longicornis also engorged to a comparatively lesser extent. These data are among the first to document recovery of engorged, host-seeking H. longicornis ticks and provide initial evidence for interrupted feeding and repeated successful questing events bearing implications for pathogen transmission and warranting consideration in vector dynamics models.

The CO[sub.2] absorption rate and total uptake by MgO aqueous suspensions were investigated in batch experiments by systematically varying MgO concentrations (0.5–5 wt.%), CO[sub.2] flow rates (0.5–2 L/min), temperatures (278–363 K), NaCl salinities (0–7 wt.%), Na[sub.2]SO[sub.4] and K[sub.2]SO[sub.4] concentrations (0–10.5 wt.%), and gas–liquid mixing systems (pipe outlet and porous stone sparger). Results show that temperature strongly controls the carbonation process: increasing temperature above 303 K consistently reduced both the CO[sub.2] absorption rate η(t) and the total CO[sub.2] uptake V[sub.CO2] due to the destabilization of metastable Mg(HCO[sub.3])[sub.2] solutions and accelerated precipitation of less soluble hydrated magnesium carbonates. Under optimal low-temperature conditions (278–283 K, 1–1.5 wt.% MgO, sparger mixing, pure system), the average capture efficiency reached ≈ 35%, with maximum peaks over 70% and total CO[sub.2] uptakes of ≈ 12–17 L. Adding NaCl at typical seawater levels (3.5–7 wt.%) slightly increased CO[sub.2] uptake at temperatures above 323 K. Sulfate ions (Na[sub.2]SO[sub.4] and K[sub.2]SO[sub.4]) were found to enhance the absorption rate at low concentrations (<2 wt.%) but reduce it at higher levels, with no significant impact on the total CO[sub.2] uptake observed in this study. Using a CO[sub.2] sparger significantly improved gas–liquid contact, achieving average CO[sub.2] capture efficiencies η[sub.max](t) above 70% at low temperatures, compared to <20% with simple pipe bubbling. A direct comparison with Ca(OH)[sub.2] aqueous carbonation confirmed that, despite its lower solubility and slower kinetics, MgO can outperform Ca-based systems under specific conditions. These results provide practical experimental benchmarks and process guidance for designing Mg-based aqueous carbonation systems, including applications that use brines, industrial wastewater or seawater.