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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008873.].

Patients with eating disorders exhibit problems with appetitive impulse control. Interactions between dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) neuron in this setting are poorly characterized. Here we examined 5-HT receptor-mediated changes in extracellular dopamine during impulsive appetitive behavior in rats. Rats were trained to perform a cued lever-press (LP) task for a food reward such that they stopped experiencing associated dopamine increases. Trained rats were administered the mixed 5-HT.sub.1B/2C-receptor antagonist metergoline, the 5-HT.sub.2A/2C-receptor antagonist ketanserin, and p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA). We measured dopamine changes in the ventral striatum using voltammetry and examined the number of premature LPs, reaction time (RT), and reward acquisition rate (RAR). Compared with controls, metergoline increased premature LPs and shortened RT significantly; ketanserin decreased premature LPs and lengthened RT significantly; and PCPA decreased premature LPs, lengthened RT, and decreased RAR significantly. Following metergoline administration, rats exhibited a fast phasic dopamine increase for 0.25-0.75 s after a correct LP, but only during LP for an incorrect LP. No dopamine increases were detected with ketanserin or PCPA, or in controls. After LP task completion, metergoline also caused dopamine to increase slowly and remain elevated; in contrast, ketanserin caused dopamine to increase slowly and decrease rapidly. No slow dopamine increase occurred with PCPA. Inhibition of 5-HT.sub.1B- and 5-HT.sub.2C-receptors apparently induced dual modes of extracellular dopamine increase: fast phasic, and slow long-lasting. These increases may be associated with the suppression of acquired prediction learning and retention of high motivation for reward, leading to impulsive excessive premature LPs.

Fe-BiOCl-V[sub.o] nanosheets with electron-capture centers of doped Fe and surface oxygen vacancies (V[sub.o]) for enhanced photocatalytic-Fenton performances were conducted. Compared with pristine BiOCl nanosheets, the band gap of the resulting Fe-BiOCl-V[sub.o] nanosheets was narrowed, and defective bands were introduced due to the Fe doping and V[sub.o]. Furthermore, the integrated electron trapping effect of V[sub.o] and doped Fe can efficiently drive charge transfer and separation. As a result, the photocatalytic-Fenton performances of phenol over Fe-BiOCl-V[sub.o] nanosheets were enhanced. The photocatalytic-Fenton performances of Fe-BiOCl-V[sub.o] nanosheets were enhanced two-fold and four-fold, respectively, as compared with the photocatalytic performances of Fe-BiOCl-V[sub.o] and pristine BiOCl nanosheets. During the photocatalytic-Fenton process, the multiple reactive species referring holes (h[sup.+]), superoxide radicals (●O[sub.2] [sup.−]), and hydroxyl radicals (●OH) induced by the efficiently separated charge carriers and Fenton reaction played synergetic roles in phenol degradation and mineralization. This work provides a sophisticated structure design of catalysts for efficient charge transfer and separation, promoting photocatalytic-Fenton performance.

TiO[sub.2]-supported catalysts have been widely used for a range of both liquid-phase and gas-phase hydrogenation reactions. However, little is known about the effect of their different crystalline surfaces on their activity during the hydrodeoxygenation process. In this work, Au supported on anatase TiO[sub.2], mainly exposing 101 or 001 facets, was investigated for the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of guaiacol. At 300 °C, the strong interaction between the Au and TiO[sub.2]-101 surface resulted in the facile reduction of the TiO[sub.2]-101 surface with concomitant formation of oxygen vacancies, as shown by the H[sub.2]-TPR and H[sub.2]-TPD profiles. Meanwhile, the formation of Au[sup.δ−], as determined by CO-DRIFT spectra and in situ XPS, was found to promote the demethylation of guaiacol producing methane. However, this strong interaction was absent on the Au/TiO[sub.2]-001 catalyst since TiO[sub.2]-001 was relatively difficult to be reduced compared with TiO[sub.2]-101. The Au on TiO[sub.2]-001 just served as the active site for the dissociation of hydrogen without the formation of Au[sup.δ−]. The hydrogen atoms spilled over to the surface of TiO[sub.2]-001 to form a small amount of oxygen vacancies, which resulted in lower activity than that over Au/TiO[sub.2]-101. The catalytic activity of the Au/TiO[sub.2] catalyst for hydrodeoxygenation will be controlled by tuning the crystal plane of the TiO[sub.2] support.

MoS[sub.2]/TiO[sub.2]-based nanostructures have attracted extensive attention due to their high performance in many fields, including photocatalysis. In this contribution, MoS[sub.2] nanostructures were prepared via an in situ bottom-up approach at the surface of shape-controlled TiO[sub.2] nanoparticles (TiO[sub.2] nanosheets and bipyramids). Furthermore, a multi-technique approach by combining electron microscopy and spectroscopic methods was employed. More in detail, the morphology/structure and vibrational/optical properties of MoS[sub.2] slabs on TiO[sub.2] anatase bipyramidal nanoparticles, mainly exposing {101} facets, and on TiO[sub.2] anatase nanosheets exposing both {001} and {101} facets, still covered by MoS[sub.2], were compared. It was shown that unlike other widely used methods, the bottom-up approach enabled the atomic-level growth of well-defined MoS[sub.2] slabs on TiO[sub.2] nanostructures, thus aiming to achieve the most effective chemical interactions. In this regard, two kinds of synergistic heterojunctions, namely, crystal face heterojunctions between anatase TiO[sub.2] coexposed {101} and {001} facets and semiconductor heterojunctions between MoS[sub.2] and anatase TiO[sub.2] nanostructures, were considered to play a role in enhancing the photocatalytic activity, together with a proper ratio of (101), (001) coexposed surfaces.

An in situ photo-Fenton system can continuously generate H[sub.2]O[sub.2] by photocatalysis, activating H[sub.2]O[sub.2] in situ to form strong oxidizing ·OH radicals and degrading organic pollutants. A WSe[sub.2]/g-C[sub.3]N[sub.4] composite catalyst with WSe[sub.2] as a co-catalyst was successfully synthesized in this work and used for in situ photo-Fenton oxidation. The WSe[sub.2]/g-C[sub.3]N[sub.4] composite with 7% loading of WSe[sub.2] (CNW2) has H[sub.2]O[sub.2] production of 35.04 μmol/L, which is fourteen times higher than pure g-C[sub.3]N[sub.4]. The degradation efficiency of CNW2 for phenol reached 67%. By constructing an in situ Fenton-system, the phenol degradation rate could be further enhanced to 90%. WSe[sub.2] can enhance the catalytic activity of CNW2 by increasing electron mobility and inhibiting the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Moreover, the addition of Fe[sup.2+] activates the generated H[sub.2]O[sub.2], thus increasing the amount of strong oxidative ·OH radicals for the degradation of phenol. Overall, CNW2 is a promising novel material with a high H[sub.2]O[sub.2] yield and can directly degrade organic pollutants using an in situ photo-Fenton reaction.

Background: Ingrown toenails is an often painful disorder which usually affects big toenails. Chemical matricectomy is a successful method for the treatment of ingrowing toenails. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy and postoperative morbidity of phenol and bichloracetic acid. Material and Methods: 69 patients with 112 ingrowing nail sides were treated with either phenol or bichloracetic acid. In the postoperative period, the patients were examinated at 48 hours and afterward weekly until full wound healing was achieved for the severity of postoperative complications. All patients were followed up for the recurrence rate and effectiveness of treatment. Results: The incidence and severity of postoperative pain was found to be equal between phenol and BCA groups.Postoperative observed in three patients (7,6 %) in the phenol group.Postoperative infection did not occur in BCA group. The incidence of drainage and complete healing duration was significantly higher in the phenol group. The overall success rates in the phenol and BCA groups were found to be 84,6 and 96,7 %, respectively. Conclusion: Both phenol and BCA are effective agents giving high success rates, but BCA causes less postoperative morbidity and provides recovery.