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"Philippines Colonization."
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Orientalists, Propagandists, and Ilustrados
The writings of a small group of scholars known as the ilustrados are often credited for providing intellectual grounding for the Philippine Revolution of 1896. Megan C. Thomas shows that the ilustrados’ anticolonial project of defining and constructing the “Filipino” involved Orientalist and racialist discourses that are usually ascribed to colonial projects, not anticolonial ones.
eBook
Hernando de los Ríos Coronel and the Spanish Philippines in the Golden Age
Whilst much scholarly work has been focused on Spain's American colonies, much less is known about Spanish colonization of the Pacific. As such, this book fills an important gap in our knowledge, directing attention both to Spain's wider imperial ambitions, and the specific situation within the Philippines. By structuring the book around the life of Hernando de los RÃos Coronel, many overlapping and complex threads are drawn out that cast light upon a diverse range of subjects.
Soldier, priest, diplomat, explorer, naval pilot and scientist, de los RÃos was a fascinating figure who played a pivotal role in Spanish efforts to establish a thriving colony in the Philippines. In 1588, at the age of 29 he was sent to the Philippines as a soldier, and once there quickly established himself as a pillar of society, ultimately becoming a priest. Over 36 years, until his death sometime before the end of January 1624, he shuttled between the Philippines and Spain, in his role as Procurator General - the sole representative of the Philippines (both Spaniards and Indigenes) at the Spanish Court.
As well as telling the story of an extraordinary individual, this book provides a fascinating introduction to the early history of the Spanish Philippines. By touching upon a broad range of topics, it also opens up numerous avenues for further research.
eBook
Body parts of empire : visual abjection, Filipino images, and the American archive
\"Body Parts of Empire is a study of abjection in American visual culture and popular literature from the Philippine-American War (1899-1902). During this period, the American national territory expanded beyond its continental borders to islands in the Pacific and the Caribbean. Simultaneously, new technologies of vision emerged for imagining the human body, including the moving camera, stereoscopes, and more efficient print technologies for mass media. Rather than focusing on canonical American authors who wrote at the time of U.S. imperialism, this book examines abject texts--images of naked savages, corpses, clothed native elites, and uniformed American soldiers--as well as bodies of writing that document the good will and violence of American expansion in the Philippine colony. Contributing to the fields of American studies, Asian American studies, and gender studies, the book analyzes the actual archive of the Philippine-American War and how the racialization and sexualization of the Filipino colonial native have always been part of the cultures of America and U.S. imperialism. By focusing on the Filipino native as an abject body of the American imperial imaginary, this study offers a historical materialist optic for reading the cultures of Filipino America\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Models of oceanic island biogeography: changing perspectives on biodiversity dynamics in archipelagoes
Models of biogeographic processes can both enhance and inhibit our ability to ask questions that guide our understanding of patterns and processes. The two ‘traditional’ models of island biogeography, the Equilibrium Model and the Vicariance Model, raise important and insightful questions about relevant processes, but both fail to raise many crucial questions. An example involving the non-volant mammals of the Philippine archipelago shows that both models highlight some, but not all, relevant patterns and processes. The more recently proposed General Dynamic Model successfully combines many of the positive aspects of the two traditional models, but leaves some important questions unasked. We pose a number of questions here that may help guide further development of models of island biogeography.
Journal Article
Oceanic islands of Wallacea as a source for dispersal and diversification of murine rodents
Aim To determine the historical dynamics of colonization and whether the relative timing of colonization predicts diversification rate in the species‐rich, murine rodent communities of Indo‐Australia. Location Indo‐Australian Archipelago including the Sunda shelf of continental Asia, Sahul shelf of continental Australia, the Philippines and Wallacea of Indonesia. Taxon Order Rodentia, Family Muridae. Methods We used a fossil‐calibrated molecular phylogeny and Bayesian biogeographical modelling to infer the frequency and temporal sequence of biogeographical transitions among Sunda, Sahul, the Philippines and Wallacea. We estimated diversification rates for each colonizing lineage using a method‐of‐moments estimator of net diversification and Bayesian mixture model estimates of diversification rate shifts. Results We identified 17 biogeographical transitions, including nine originating from Sunda, seven originating from Sulawesi and broader Wallacea and one originating from Sahul. Wallacea was colonized eight times, the Phillipines five times, Sunda twice and Sahul twice. Net diversification rates ranged from 0.2 to 2.12 species/lineage/My with higher rates in secondary and later colonizers than primary colonizers. The highest rates were in the genus Rattus and their closest relatives, irrespective of colonization history. Main Conclusions Our inferences from murines demonstrate once again the substantial role of islands as sources of species diversity in terrestrial vertebrates of the IAA with most speciation events occurring on islands. Sulawesi and broader Wallacea have been a major source of colonists for both island and continental systems. Crossings of Wallace's Line were more common than subsequent transitions across Lydekker's Line to the east. While speciation following colonization of oceanic archipelagos and large islands is consistent with adaptive radiation theory and ideas regarding ecological opportunity, we did not observe a strong signal of incumbency effects. Rather, subsequent colonists of landmasses radiated unhindered by previous radiations.
Journal Article
The blood of government : race, empire, the United States, & the Philippines
In 1899 the United States, having announced its arrival as a world power during the Spanish-Cuban-American War, inaugurated a brutal war of imperial conquest against the Philippine Republic. Over the next five decades, U.S. imperialists justified their colonial empire by crafting novel racial ideologies adapted to new realities of collaboration and anticolonial resistance. In this pathbreaking, transnational study, Paul A. Kramer reveals how racial politics served U.S. empire, and how empire-building in turn transformed ideas of race and nation in both the United States and the Philippines. Kramer argues that Philippine-American colonial history was characterized by struggles over sovereignty and recognition. In the wake of a racial-exterminist war, U.S. colonialists, in dialog with Filipino elites, divided the Philippine population into \"\"civilized\"\" Christians and \"\"savage\"\" animists and Muslims. The former were subjected to a calibrated colonialism that gradually extended them self-government as they demonstrated their \"\"capacities.\"\" The latter were governed first by Americans, then by Christian Filipinos who had proven themselves worthy of shouldering the \"\"white man's burden.\"\" Ultimately, however, this racial vision of imperial nation-building collided with U.S. nativist efforts to insulate the United States from its colonies, even at the cost of Philippine independence. Kramer provides an innovative account of the global transformations of race and the centrality of empire to twentieth-century U.S. and Philippine histories.
eBook