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Phobias : when fear becomes irrational
\"A phobia is a fear of something that is not inherently harmful that interferes with a person's daily life. These fears are explained through up-to-date charts and annotated quotes from medical experts that augment the informative main text, which aims to help readers separate myth from fact regarding phobias\"--Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Social Anxiety
Affecting millions of people in the United States, social anxiety, according to DSM-5-TR, refers to the condition of persisting intense fear or anxiety about being severely embarrassed or humiliated in social situations where such fear is out of proportion to any actual threat.
This compelling new guide calls for an expanded definition, one that involves the persistent fears and shame of individuals related to what others might think of them if certain actions or thoughts in their past or present were ever to become known—even when there may be no actual interaction with those other people.
At the heart of the case made by Social Anxiety: Hidden Fears and Shame in Teens and Adults are 22 case examples featuring individuals from age 14 to age 52. These revealing vignettes underscore that
• Social anxiety does not correspond merely to transient fears such as meeting new people or public speaking but can be chronic and persistent• Social anxiety does not involve only fears of potentially challenging behaviors; for many it also manifests as fears or shame about past or present wishes or thoughts considered unacceptable• A significant percentage—as many as half—of individuals struggling with social anxiety avoid seeking help
Opening with a description of what the research has to say about the nature, causes, and effects of social anxiety, this book also examines the wide variety of treatment interventions, including psychotherapy, medications, and family interventions.
With a depth of information that will prove clinically useful to medical and mental health professionals, Social Anxiety is also written in an engaging style that will be easily accessible to laypeople—including those suffering from social anxiety themselves, as well as their family and community.
eBook
Teens and phobias
This book examines the nature of anxiety disorders and phobias, what causes them, what it is like to live with them, and how or whether they can be treated or cured.
Book
More than doubling the clinical benefit of each hour of therapist time: a randomised controlled trial of internet cognitive therapy for social anxiety disorder
Cognitive therapy for social anxiety disorder (CT-SAD) is recommended by NICE (2013) as a first-line intervention. Take up in routine services is limited by the need for up to 14 ninety-min face-to-face sessions, some of which are out of the office. An internet-based version of the treatment (iCT-SAD) with remote therapist support may achieve similar outcomes with less therapist time.
102 patients with social anxiety disorder were randomised to iCT-SAD, CT-SAD, or waitlist (WAIT) control, each for 14 weeks. WAIT patients were randomised to the treatments after wait. Assessments were at pre-treatment/wait, midtreatment/wait, posttreatment/wait, and follow-ups 3 & 12 months after treatment. The pre-registered (ISRCTN 95 458 747) primary outcome was the social anxiety disorder composite, which combines 6 independent assessor and patient self-report scales of social anxiety. Secondary outcomes included disability, general anxiety, depression and a behaviour test.
CT-SAD and iCT-SAD were both superior to WAIT on all measures. iCT-SAD did not differ from CT-SAD on the primary outcome at post-treatment or follow-up. Total therapist time in iCT-SAD was 6.45 h. CT-SAD required 15.8 h for the same reduction in social anxiety. Mediation analysis indicated that change in process variables specified in cognitive models accounted for 60% of the improvements associated with either treatment. Unlike the primary outcome, there was a significant but small difference in favour of CT-SAD on the behaviour test.
When compared to conventional face-to-face therapy, iCT-SAD can more than double the amount of symptom change associated with each therapist hour.
Journal Article
Phobias : the psychology of irrational fear
\"Combining popular appeal with accessibly written entries suitable for research projects, this fascinating encyclopedia provides a thorough introduction to the psychological and scientific aspects of phobias\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Efficacy of CBT, intensified tDCS and their combination for reducing clinical symptoms and improving quality of life in social anxiety disorder with comorbid depression: a randomized controlled trial
Background/aim
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a common and disabling psychiatric disorder. It is generally treated with medication and psychotherapy such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Due to the involvement of cortical and subcortical areas in the pathophysiology of SAD, non-invasive brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) are potential adjunctive treatment options for SAD. This study aims to assess comparable efficacy of CBT, intensified tDCS, and combined CBT/tDCS on clinical symptoms and quality of life of patients with SAD and comorbid depression.
Methods
In this randomized controlled trial, 37 adults with SAD and comorbid depressive disorder were assigned into three groups: (1) CBT + active tDCS (
n
= 13), (2) active tDCS alone (
n
= 12), and (3) CBT + sham tDCS (
n
= 12). SAD symptoms, depressive states, quality of life and trait worry were assessed with the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Beck’s Depression Inventory, QOL questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF), and the Penn State Worry Questionnaire respectively. The active tDCS was an intensified stimulation protocol (20 min, twice-daily sessions with 20 min intervals, 5 consecutive days) and was applied over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (F3) and medial prefrontal cortex (Fpz). The CBT was provided individually based on the exposure technique at 12–20 sessions, twice a week. All clinical measures were assessed at baseline, after the intervention, and at 3-month follow-up.
Results
SAD symptoms significantly decreased after intervention and follow-up in all groups, with no significant differences between them. However, CBT + tDCS resulted in a numerically larger symptom reduction, significantly exceeding CBT + sham tDCS on the fear scale. Depressive states and trait worry significantly improved in all groups post-intervention and at the 3-month follow-up, with no between-group differences. Quality of life (total scores, physical, and psychological domains) significantly improved after the and at the 3-month follow-up only in the CBT + tDCS and tDCS-alone groups with no between-group differences.
Conclusion
Psychotherapeutic interventions with CBT, intensified tDCS targeting the prefrontal cortex, and the combined CBT-tDCS are effective for alleviating primary and secondary clinical symptoms in individuals with SAD. The combined CBT-tDCS intervention showed superior efficacy in reducing the primary symptoms of SAD.
Trial registration ID
IRCT20220421054607N1, registration date: 19/05/2022, available at:
https://irct.behdasht.gov.ir/trial/63119
.
Journal Article
The anxiety & phobia workbook
\"Now in its sixth edition and recommended by therapists worldwide, The Anxiety and Phobia Workbook has been the unparalleled, essential resource for people struggling with anxiety and phobias for almost thirty years. Living with anxiety, panic disorders, or phobias can make you feel like you aren't in control of your life. If you're ready to tackle the fears that hold you back, this book is your go-to guide. Packed with the most effective skills for assessing and treating anxiety, this evidence-based workbook contains the latest clinical research. You'll develop a full arsenal of skills for quieting fears and taking charge of your anxious thoughts, including: Relaxation and breathing techniques Ending negative self-talk and mistaken beliefs Imagery and real-life desensitization Lifestyle, nutrition, and exercise changes Written by a leading expert in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and a classic in its field, this fully revised edition offers powerful, step-by-step treatment strategies for panic disorders, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), worry, and fear. You will also find updated information compatible with the DSM-V, as well as current information on medications and treatment, nutrition, mindfulness training, exposure therapy, and the latest research in neurobiology. Whether you suffer from anxiety and phobias yourself, or are a professional working with this population, this book will provide the latest treatment solutions for overcoming the fears that stand in the way of living a full, happy life. This workbook can be used on its own or as a supplement to therapy\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Unraveling the neurophysiological underpinnings of social anxiety through body language: An ERP study
Body language plays a vital role in emotion perception, yet the involuntary neural mechanisms through which individuals with social anxiety process these signals remain unclear. This research investigates these mechanisms by analyzing visual components such as P3a, P1, and N190 within a three-stimulus oddball paradigm.
Participants were classified into high social anxiety (HSA, n = 31) and low social anxiety (LSA, n = 26) groups using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS). The paradigm employed custom-designed distractors depicting positive, negative, and neutral body expressions to examine the involuntary processing of these stimuli.
The findings indicate that individuals with high social anxiety (HSA) showed significantly higher P3a amplitudes than those with low social anxiety (LSA), especially for positive body expressions. In contrast, negative expressions elicited the weakest amplitudes. The N190 component responded most strongly to positive expressions and least to negative ones, while the P1 component showed uniform responses across all types.
HSA individuals process body expressions more intensely and are highly sensitive to them, regardless of valence. This insight can inform interventions targeting their cognitive and emotional biases.
•Investigates involuntary processing of body expressions in social anxiety using ERPs.•High social anxiety group shows heightened P3a amplitudes for positive body expressions.•N190 component reveals sensitivity to emotional valence, with highest response to positive expressions.•Findings suggest biased cognitive resource allocation in high social anxiety individuals.
Journal Article
Prevention and treatment of social anxiety disorder in adolescents: mixed method randomised controlled trial of the guided online intervention SOPHIE
Social anxiety symptoms are highly prevalent in adolescents and negatively impact their social and academic functioning, highlighting the need for effective low-threshold interventions. This randomised controlled trial evaluated the guided online intervention SOPHIE for adolescents (
N
= 133; 11–17 years) with social anxiety disorder (SAD; treatment) or subclinical social anxiety (indicated prevention) compared to care-as-usual control condition and qualitatively explored their experiences. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, mid-intervention (4 weeks), post-intervention (8 weeks) and 5-month follow-up and analysed using linear mixed-effects models. SOPHIE did not significantly reduce social anxiety symptoms post-intervention but showed a significant between-group effect at follow-up (
d
= 0.67, 95%CI [0.32;1.02]). Subgroup analyses by diagnostic condition showed a significant between-group effect at follow-up in the subclinical social anxiety (
d
= 1.53, 95%CI [1.74;0.41]) but not in the SAD condition. Social functioning significantly improved at post-intervention and follow-up, with medium to large effects (post:
d
=-0.73, 95%CI [-1.08; -0.37]; follow-up:
d=
-0.32, 95%CI [-0.66; 0.02]). Qualitative interviews post-intervention revealed that participants found the intervention beneficial, although some found exposure exercises challenging and desired additional support. Very heterogeneous needs emerged regarding the guidance provided during the programme. Low-threshold online interventions for adolescents with social anxiety may be effective, particularly as an indicated prevention approach.
Journal Article