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In soils with adequate levels of fertility, it is possible to manage phosphate fertilization aiming at the grain production system, instead of each isolated crop. The objective was to evaluate the effects of the management of phosphate fertilization, place and time, on the soil and leaf P content, and crop yield in grain production systems. An experiment was conducted at the farm level in the municipality of Nazareno, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, for four years on soil with adequate level of fertility. The treatments consisted of the management of phosphate fertilization by broadcast or furrow and dose for each crop or for the production system (spring/summer and autumn/winter crops), being: Control = without phosphate fertilization; Conventional = phosphate fertilization in the furrow in each crop; BTP = phosphate fertilization of the grain production system to broadcast; TPS = phosphate fertilization of the grain production system in the furrow of the spring/summer crop; TPW = phosphate fertilization of the grain production system in the furrow of the autumn/winter crop. Soil P content was evaluated in the third year of implantation, and the crops yield every season crop (maize, soybean, common bean and wheat). The P content in the leaves of maize and soybeans were evaluated in the spring/summer crops. The application of the total dose of phosphate fertilization for both crops in the sowing furrow of the spring/summer or autumn/winter crops (TPS and TPW) promoted operational advantages and increased soil P content in the 0-0.20 m layer, without reducing the yield of the spring/summer crops. Leaf P content was not affected. The Conventional management (phosphate fertilization in the furrow in each crop) provide greater yield of common beans and wheat during autumn/winter crops, which are more subject to water restriction due to less rainfall, even without increasing the soil P content.

The use of beneficial microorganisms to enhance phosphate fertilizer use efficiency and solubilize residual phosphorus (P) is a promising strategy to improve soil P availability for plants. This study tested the hypothesis that inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, either alone or in combination with Bacillus subtilis , enhances maize growth and optimizes nutrient availability, particularly phosphorus. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions with four replications, following an 8 × 3 factorial design. Treatments included individual inoculations with Bacillus subtilis (IPACC26), Rhizophagus clarus (RJN102A), Claroideoglomus etunicatum (SCT101A), and a commercial inoculant of Rhizophagus intraradices (Rootella BR ULTRA), as well as three co-inoculations (IPACC26 combined with each fungus) and a non-inoculated control. These treatments were combined with three levels of phosphate fertilization (0, 50, and 100% of the recommended P level). Mycorrhizal colonization improved root architecture and increased photosynthetic pigments and uptake of P and other nutrients, resulting in greater plant growth and biomass production. The most pronounced effects were observed in plants inoculated with R. clarus and C. etunicatum , either alone or in combination with B. subtilis , at the 0 and 50% P levels. At 0% P, inoculated plants accumulated significantly more biomass, with root and shoot dry mass up to 3,000% and 680% higher, respectively, than those of uninoculated plants; this effect was associated with a 1,700% increase in shoot P accumulation compared to the control. These findings highlight the potential of these inoculants as biofertilizers for more sustainable and efficient phosphorus management in maize cultivation.

field experiment was conducted during autumn season of 2024 to study effect of palm frond compost and phosphate fertilization on the growth and yield of yellow corn in gypsum soil. palm frond compost added at levels of 0, 10 and 20 tons ha−1, and phosphate fertilizer added at levels of 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg ha−1. The results for the dry weight at the age of (35) days showed a significant increase with the increase in the compost level from 0 to 20 tons ha−1, as the average dry weight reached (90.04) g plant−1 when not added, and rose to (110.84) g plant−1 at the highest level of compost (20 tons ha−1). Phosphorus levels also had a significant effect, as the level 0 kg ha−1 recorded the lowest dry weight of (84.99) g plant−1, while the level 120 kg ha−1 gave the highest dry weight of (112.2) g Plant−1, there was a significant effect of compost levels and phosphorus levels on nitrogen concentration in the vegetative group at the age of (35) days. It was noted that increasing the compost level from 0 to 20 tons ha−1 led to a gradual increase in nitrogen concentration, as the treatment without adding compost recorded a concentration of 1.49%, while the highest concentration was 1.79% when adding 20 tons ha−1 of compost. Phosphorus levels also affected the increase in nitrogen concentration from 0 to 120 kg ha−1, with the highest value recorded at 120 kg ha−1, representing a rate of 2.10%.

Phosphorus (P) is a critical nutrient for high sugarcane yields throughout its cultivation cycles, however, a higher amount of P becomes rapidly unavailable to plants due to its adsorption to soil colloids. Some plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPBs) may be able to enhance P availability to plants and produce phytohormones that contribute to crop development, quality, and yield. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate leaf concentrations of nitrogen (N) and P, yield, and technological quality of sugarcane as a function of different levels of phosphate fertilization associated with inoculation of PGPBs. The experiment was carried out at Ilha Solteira, São Paulo—Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three replications, consisting of five phosphorus rates (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the recommended P2O5 rate) and eight inoculations, involving three species of PGPBs (Azospirillum brasilense, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas fluorescens) which were applied combined or in a single application into the planting furrow of RB92579 sugarcane variety. The inoculation of B. subtilis and P. fluorescens provided a higher concentration of leaf P in sugarcane. The P2O5 rates combined with inoculation of bacteria alter technological variables and stalk yield of sugarcane. The excess and lack of phosphate fertilizer is harmful to sugarcane cultivation, regardless of the use of growth-promoting bacteria. We recommend the inoculation with A. brasilense + B. subtilis associated with 45 kg ha−1 of P2O5 aiming at greater stalk yield. This treatment also increases sugar yield, resulting in a savings of 75% of the recommended P2O5 rate, thus being a more efficient and sustainable alternative for reducing sugarcane crop production costs.

Bacterial inoculation is a promising strategy for optimizing the use of phosphate fertilizers, although the ability of different strains to reduce phosphorus (P) inputs remains to be investigated. This study evaluated the effects of UFV 3918 (Bv), alone or combined with monoammonium phosphate (MAP), on the bioavailability of P and other nutrients, as well as on the chemical and microbiological properties of soil cultivated with sugarcane. The trial was conducted in a completely randomized design with six treatments: absolute control (without MAP) (AC), commercial control (recommended MAP dose - 3/3 MAP) (CC), Bv, Bv+1/3 MAP, Bv+2/3 MAP, and Bv+3/3 MAP. The Bv and Bv+1/3 MAP treatments promoted average increases in soil P content (22.0%), root volume (9.9%), root diameter (6.7%), soil basal respiration (11.4%), and the activity of fluorescein diacetate (17.4%), urease (9.1%), and acid phosphatase (9.3%), compared with the CC. Additionally, Bv alone led to greater accumulation of P, K, Fe, B, and Cu in the shoot. Multivariate analysis indicated similar responses among Bv, Bv+1/3 MAP, and Bv+2/3 MAP. Shoot P accumulation was positively correlated with microbial and chemical soil attributes, particularly soil enzyme activities, P and Ca content, and Fe and Mn accumulation. In contrast, the negative correlation between microbial biomass and root development suggests that enhanced soil biological activity may reduce the need for extensive root growth. Thus, UFV 3918 shows potential to reduce MAP dependence while promoting efficient plant nutrition and healthier soils.

Phosphorus (P) characteristics significantly affect crop yield and P use efficiency (PUE). It is unclear whether different types of acidic phosphate fertilizers can enhance the availability of phosphorus in liming soil and soybean yields. In this field experiment in 2022 and 2023 in Xinjiang, China, four phosphate fertilization treatments, including no phosphate fertilization (CK), application of monoammonium phosphate (MAP), application of urea phosphate (UP), and application of a mixture of monoammonium phosphate and urea phosphate (8:2, M8U2), were designed. Then, the impacts of the four phosphate treatments on the PUE, growth, and yield of the high-oil soybean variety Kennong 23 under drip irrigation were explored. The results showed that the application of phosphate fertilizers significantly increased the soil inorganic P, available P, and total P content compared with CK, promoting the growth and yield formation of soybeans. The soil Ca2-P content of the UP treatment was higher than that of the MAP treatment. The soil Ca8-P content of the M8U2 treatment was higher than that of the MAP treatment, but the soil phosphorus fixation was lower. The soil available P content, soybean plant P accumulation, leaf photosynthetic capacity, and dry matter accumulation all reached the maximum in the M8U2 treatment. The soybean yield, net revenue, and PUE of the M8U2 treatment were 6.04%, 9.37%, and 14.16% higher than those of the MAP treatment, and 7.64%, 16.59%, and 23.50% higher than those of the UP treatment, respectively. Therefore, the combined application of acidic phosphate fertilizers (MAP and UP) can increase soil available P content and plant P absorption in liming soil and stimulate photosynthesis, enhancing soybean yield and PUE. This study will provide a technical reference for the P reduction and soybean yield enhancement in arid areas.

ABSTRACT South American natural grasslands are composed of several species with different growth strategies, with variations in specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), specific root length (SRL) and specific root area (SRA). The objective of this study was characterizing in grasses cultivated with different levels of phosphorus (P) in the soil if species with higher leaf and root area production per unit of dry matter have higher tissue P concentration, P use efficiency and higher dry matter yield. The plant species were grown in a greenhouse in pots with 5 kg of soil in a completely randomized design with four replicates and two conditions of P availability: addition of 60 mg kg-1 soil and without addition of P. The species with the highest SRA had a higher leaf and root P concentration. The higher production of leaf or root surface area per unit of dry matter did not represent higher tissue P use efficiency. The group formed by species of genre Paspalum had a higher leaf and root P use efficiency, therefore, areas composed of this genre are preferred for P fertilization.

It was aimed to evaluate the effect of doses of phosphorus and different doses of bovine manure on growth of melon Galia. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse utilizing pots filled with soil Chromic Luvissoil in design completely randomized with a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement, comprising five doses of bovine manure (0, 12, 16, 20, 24 t ha-1) and two doses of phosphorus (0 and 400 mg dm-3), with three replicates, totaling 30 experimental units. The results indicated that interaction of phosphorus with organic matter was significant effect on total dry mass of the melon plant. There was a reduction of the total dry mass when the plants were fertilized at the highest doses of bovine manure. The P content from leaf and stem increased gradually at higher doses of phosphorus. The phosphorus content in the soil increased according to the doses of organic material available.

The use of Bacillus spp. in combination with mineral fertilizers represents a sustainable alternative to conventional agricultural practices. This study evaluated the effects of inoculation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BV03 (Ba) on corn fertilized with phosphorus (P) sources of different solubilities. Two experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions in a completely randomized design, following a 2 (without and with Ba) × 4 [control (without P, –P), triple superphosphate (TSP), Bayóvar natural phosphate (BNP), and Pratápolis natural phosphate (PNP)] factorial arrangement. Plant growth parameters, chlorophyll a fluorescence, gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments, nutritional status, biomass accumulation, and grain yield were assessed. Corn responses to Ba inoculation varied with P source and season. Inoculation with Ba, Ba + TSP, and Ba + BNP at sowing enhanced biometric traits (height, stem diameter, and leaf area); physiological parameters (Fv’/Fm’, ΦPSII, ETR, E, gs, WUE); biochemical variables (Chl a, Chl b, and carotenoids); nutritional contents (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg); and yield traits. Overall, our results highlight the potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BV03, alone or in combination with triple superphosphate or Bayóvar natural phosphate, as a sustainable alternative for phosphorus fertilization to improve corn growth and development.

The application of phosphorus (P) to soil can increase its availability to plants and alter P fractions in annual and perennial organs of Cordia trichotoma . If a portion of P accumulates in perennial organs in organic fractions it can be used in the next growth season, possibly decreasing plant dependence on P derived from soil fertilization. However, if P is preferentially accumulated in inorganic fractions in annual organs, plants will be more dependent on phosphate fertilization. This study aimed to evaluate the distribution of P fractions in organs of C. trichotoma grown on sandy soil treated with 120 and 360 kg P 2 O 5 ha −1 . The control was a zero application. After 24 months following fertilization, C. trichotoma seedlings were cut and separated into leaves, branches, stems and roots, dried, ground and subjected to chemical fractionation of P, which estimates fractions of total soluble P, soluble inorganic and organic P, lipid P, P associated ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid, and residual P. P in annual organs, as leaves, accumulated preferentially in the soluble inorganic fraction in both treatments. In perennial organs such as stems and branches, P accumulated preferentially in the soluble organic fraction. The application of 300% of the recommended dosage (360 kg P 2 O 5 ha −1 ) promoted the accumulation of P in soluble organic fractions which may contribute to annual growth the following season and be a strategy to reduce the dependence of 2-year-old stands on soil-derived P and on fertilizers.