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Present investigation was conducted at the Research Farm of Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal during 2017-18 and 2018-19 to study the performance of chickpea crop under various nutrient management modules in a Vertisol. The field experiment was set up in a randomized block design with three replications of twelve different INM modules. During the rabi seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19, the chickpea (cv. JG-315) was grown with a set of treatments. The crop's performance was evaluated in terms of growth, yield (grain and straw), nutritional content, and nutrient uptake under different treatments. At crop harvest, the physic-chemical characteristics of the soil were also evaluated. Finally, the relationship between the numerous examined parameters was determined. The results showed that integrated nutrient management modules had a positive impact on chickpea crop performance and productivity when compared to using only inorganic fertilizer. The INM modules dramatically increased soil organic carbon and improved soil health in terms of physical and chemical qualities, in addition to higher crop performance. Among the various modules, (1) application of 75% STCR dose + FYM @ 5t ha.sup.-1 to maize followed by 100% P only to chickpea and (2) application of FYM @ 20t ha.sup.-1 to maize followed by FYM @ 5t ha.sup.-1 to chickpea increased the productivity and nutrient uptake in chickpea, improved soil physico-chemical properties and reflected as viable technique in improving soil nutrient availability on sustainable basis.

Since 1750, the species-rich grasslands native to the Río de la Plata basin in southern South America have sustained low-input livestock production. Typically, these grasslands have low herbage phosphorus (P) concentration, and P deficiency in livestock is not rare. Worldwide, P fertilization is used to increase the productivity and nutritive value of grasslands, but it is unknown whether the Río de la Plata grasslands are limited by P availability. We quantified the response of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) to P supply in a meta-analysis of 39 trials carried out between 1968 and 2016 comprising 285 independent comparisons (cases) between unfertilized controls and P-fertilized treatments. The ANPP of unfertilized controls ranged from 400 to 17,500 kg dry matter (DM) ha.sup.-1 y.sup.-1. In 74% of cases, P fertilization did not increase ANPP. The average response was therefore low, at 399 kg DM ha.sup.-1 (relative effect + 15%), and largely unrelated to ANPP, vegetation, or soil characteristics. Conversely, in 59% of cases herbage P concentration did increase, particularly at high fertilization rates (average 0.43 mg P g DM.sup.-1; relative effect + 36%). Despite low herbage P concentration, the current ANPP of Río de la Plata grasslands seems little limited by P supply. Luxury consumption was common in response to P fertilization. Prevailing low herbage nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios -below 11:1 in 65% of unfertilized controls- suggest nitrogen may be limiting ANPP. In this legume-scarce ecosystem, P fertilization is unlikely to boost productivity and may pose an environmental risk.

Heterodera avenae (cereal cyst nematode, CCN) infects wheat and causes severe yield losses. CCN infestations can be decreased by applying phosphate fertilizer in wheat fields, but the underlying mechanisms are still largely unclear. In this study, the relationships among CCN, wheat root morphological traits, soil P fractions, and soil phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere were investigated with single superphosphate (SSP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) application and without phosphate fertilizer (CK) application. APP most effectively inhibited the occurrence of CCN, with the number of cysts decreasing by 48.8%, and was decreased by 31.6%, 33.9%, and 16.4% in SSP, MAP, and DAP treatments, respectively. With APP, the concentrations of Resin-Pi and NaOH-Pi in rhizosphere soil increased significantly, and the proportional lengths of medium (1-3 mm) and coarse roots (> 3 mm) increased, while that of fine roots (0-1 mm diameter) decreased. Moreover, soil phosphatase activity decreased along with highest shoot P accumulation in APP treatment, suggesting that P nutrition provided by APP is more easily absorbed by wheat than the other tested fertilizers. Furthermore, negative relationships were observed between cyst numbers and shoot P accumulation (r = -0.87, p < 0.001), coarse root length proportion (r = -0.59, p < 0.01), Resin-Pi (r = -0.50, p < 0.05), and NaOH-Pi concentrations (r = -0.57, p < 0.01). SEM analysis indicated that the concentrations of Resin-Pi and NaOH-Pi increased by phosphate fertilizer additions, enhancing shoot P accumulation and inhibiting the occurrence of CCN in wheat. As an effective P source that elevates rhizosphere Resin-Pi and NaOH-Pi, APP not only promotes wheat growth by enhancing P uptake, but also increases the resistance of wheat against CCN. These findings provide an in-depth understanding of the control of CCN through phosphate fertilization management, enabling sustainable agricultural development.

Heterodera avenae (cereal cyst nematode, CCN) infects wheat and causes severe yield losses. CCN infestations can be decreased by applying phosphate fertilizer in wheat fields, but the underlying mechanisms are still largely unclear. In this study, the relationships among CCN, wheat root morphological traits, soil P fractions, and soil phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere were investigated with single superphosphate (SSP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) application and without phosphate fertilizer (CK) application. APP most effectively inhibited the occurrence of CCN, with the number of cysts decreasing by 48.8%, and was decreased by 31.6%, 33.9%, and 16.4% in SSP, MAP, and DAP treatments, respectively. With APP, the concentrations of Resin-Pi and NaOH-Pi in rhizosphere soil increased significantly, and the proportional lengths of medium (1-3 mm) and coarse roots (> 3 mm) increased, while that of fine roots (0-1 mm diameter) decreased. Moreover, soil phosphatase activity decreased along with highest shoot P accumulation in APP treatment, suggesting that P nutrition provided by APP is more easily absorbed by wheat than the other tested fertilizers. Furthermore, negative relationships were observed between cyst numbers and shoot P accumulation (r = -0.87, p < 0.001), coarse root length proportion (r = -0.59, p < 0.01), Resin-Pi (r = -0.50, p < 0.05), and NaOH-Pi concentrations (r = -0.57, p < 0.01). SEM analysis indicated that the concentrations of Resin-Pi and NaOH-Pi increased by phosphate fertilizer additions, enhancing shoot P accumulation and inhibiting the occurrence of CCN in wheat. As an effective P source that elevates rhizosphere Resin-Pi and NaOH-Pi, APP not only promotes wheat growth by enhancing P uptake, but also increases the resistance of wheat against CCN. These findings provide an in-depth understanding of the control of CCN through phosphate fertilization management, enabling sustainable agricultural development.