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Low phosphorus (P) is one of the limiting factors in sustainable cotton production. However, little is known about the performance of contrasting low P tolerant cotton genotypes that might be a possible option to grow in low P condition. In the current study, we characterized the response of two cotton genotypes, Jimian169 a strong low P tolerant, and DES926 a weak low P tolerant genotypes under low and normal P conditions. The results showed that low P greatly inhibited growth, dry matter production, photosynthesis, and enzymatic activities related to antioxidant system and carbohydrate metabolism and the inhibition was more in DES926 as compared to Jimian169. In contrast, low P improved root morphology, carbohydrate accumulation, and P metabolism, especially in Jimian169, whereas the opposite responses were observed for DES926. The strong low P tolerance in Jimian169 is linked with a better root system and enhanced P and carbohydrate metabolism, suggesting that Jimian169 is a model genotype for cotton breeding. Results thus indicate that the Jimian169, compared with DES926, tolerates low P by enhancing carbohydrate metabolism and by inducing the activity of several enzymes related to P metabolism. This apparently causes rapid P turnover and enables the Jimian169 to use P more efficiently. Moreover, the transcript level of the key genes could provide useful information to study the molecular mechanism of low P tolerance in cotton.

Under phosphate (Pi) limiting conditions, lipid remodeling serves as a critical mechanism for enhancing phosphorus (P) use efficiency in plants. This process also affects the photosynthetic process simultaneously, thereby influencing the accumulation of biomass. Our previous studies have proved that Zygophyllum xanthoxylum had a remarkable P remobilization capacity, and could maintain a high biomass under Pi deficiency environment. However, the specific patterns of membrane lipid remodeling and their regulatory effects on photosynthetic performance remain to be elucidated. In this study, the changes of photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, leaves lipid compositions, Pi content and ATPase activity of chloroplast were determined after 1D, 10D and 40D of Pi sufficient and Pi deficient treatments. We found that Pi deficiency did not cause a significant decrease in photosynthetic indices (except 40D treatment) and did not weaken the photosynthetic electron transport process. Under Pi deficiency treatment, the glyceroglycolipid content in leaves showed significant increase at 10D and 40D treatments, but the phospholipid content remained stable. The concentration of Pi and the activity of ATPase in chloroplasts at 1D and 10D treatments were significantly increased, but there was no significant difference between 40D treatment and that of the CP. The results showed that under Pi deficiency environment, Z. xanthoxylum provided structural and functional protection for electron transport process by maintaining the content stability of phospholipids and increasing the glyceroglycolipid content. In addition, more Pi was allocated to chloroplasts, enhancing ATPase activity and providing continuous and stable assimilatory power for the photosynthetic process.

ABSTRACT Observational studies have shown that the gut microbiota (GM) is associated with bone diseases, particularly calcium‐phosphorus metabolic bone diseases, demonstrating the existence of a gut–bone axis. However, whether these associations are causal effects remains to be determined. This study employed bidirectional two‐sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) using summary data from Genome‐Wide Association Studies (GWAS) of 211 gut microbial taxa and six metabolic bone diseases (osteoporosis, Osteopenia, osteonecrosis, osteomyelitis, hypoparathyroidism and hyperparathyroidism) to explore causal relationships and their directionality. Comprehensive sensitivity analyses were conducted to ensure the robustness of the results, and a false discovery rate‐corrected pFDR of < 0.05 was used as a threshold to support strong associations. Additionally, co‐localisation analysis was conducted to consolidate the findings. We identified 35 causal relationships between GM and metabolic bone diseases, with 17 exhibiting positive and 18 negative correlations. Furthermore, reverse MR analysis indicated that osteomyelitis was associated with elevated abundance of two GMs (pFDR < 0.05, PP.H4 < 75%). No evidence of horizontal pleiotropy or heterogeneity was observed, and co‐localisation analysis further strengthened the evidence for these causal relationships. The study underscores the critical role of GM in influencing bone health through the gut–bone axis, paving the way for future therapeutic interventions targeting the gut–bone axis and offering new directions for research in bone metabolism and diseases.

Early aggressive parenteral nutrition (PN), consisting of caloric and nitrogen intake soon after birth, is currently proposed for the premature baby. Some electrolyte disturbances, such as hypophosphatemia and hypercalcemia, considered unusual in early life, were recently described while using this PN approach. We hypothesize that, due to its impact on cell metabolism, the initial amino acid (AA) amount may specifically influence the metabolism of phosphorus, and consequently of calcium. We aim to evaluate the influence of AA intake on calcium-phosphorus metabolism, and to create a calculation tool to estimate phosphorus needs. Prospective observational study. Phosphate and calcium plasma concentrations and calcium balance were evaluated daily during the first week of life in very preterm infants, and their relationship with nutrition was studied. For this purpose, infants were divided into three groups: high, medium and low AA intake (HAA, MAA, LAA). A calculation formula to assess phosphorus needs was elaborated, with a theoretical model based on AA and calcium intake, and the cumulative deficit of phosphate intake was estimated. 154 infants were included. Hypophosphatemia (12.5%) and hypercalcemia (9.8%) were more frequent in the HAA than in the MAA (4.6% and 4.8%) and in the LAA group (0% and 1.9%); both p<0.001. Calcium-phosphorus homeostasis was influenced by the early AA intake. We propose to consider phosphorus and calcium imbalances as being part of a syndrome, related to incomplete provision of nutrients after the abrupt discontinuation of the placental nutrition at birth (PI-ReFeeding syndrome). We provide a simple tool to calculate the optimal phosphate intake. The early introduction of AA in the PN soon after birth might be completed by an early intake of phosphorus, since AA and phosphorus are (along with potassium) the main determinants of cellular growth.

Background Quinoa is a highly nutritious and novel crop that is resistant to various abiotic stresses. However, its growth and development is restricted due to its limited utilization of soil phosphorus. Studies on the levels of phosphorus in quinoa seedlings are limited; therefore, we analyzed transcriptome data from quinoa seedlings treated with different concentrations of phosphorus. Results To identify core genes involved in responding to various phosphorus levels, the weighted gene co-expression network analysis method was applied. From the 12,085 expressed genes, an analysis of the gene co-expression network was done. dividing the expressed genes into a total of twenty-five different modules out of which two modules were strongly correlated with phosphorus levels. Subsequently we identified five core genes that correlated strongly either positively or negatively with the phosphorus levels. Gene ontology and assessments of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes have uncovered important biological processes and metabolic pathways that are involved in the phosphorus level response. Conclusions We discovered crucial new core genes that encode proteins from various transcription factor families, such as MYB, WRKY, and ERF, which are crucial for abiotic stress resistance. This new library of candidate genes associated with the phosphorus level responses in quinoa seedlings will help in breeding varieties that are tolerant to phosphorus levels.

Bacteria capable of simultaneous aerobic denitrification and phosphorus removal (SADPR) are promising for the establishment of novel one-stage wastewater treatment systems. Nevertheless, insights into the metabolic potential of SADPR-related bacteria are limited. Here, comprehensive metabolic models of two efficient SADPR bacteria, Achromobacter sp. GAD3 and Agrobacterium sp. LAD9, were obtained for the first time by high-throughput genome sequencing. With succinate as the preferred carbon source, both strains employed a complete TCA cycle as the major carbon metabolism for potentials of various organic acids and complex carbon oxidation. Complete and truncated aerobic denitrification routes were confirmed in GAD3 and LAD9, respectively, facilitated by all the major components of the electron transfer chain via oxidative phosphorylation. Comparative genome analysis revealed distinctive ecological niches involved in denitrification among different phylogenetic clades within Achromobacter and Agrobacterium. Excellent phosphorus removal capacities were contributed by inorganic phosphate uptake, polyphosphate synthesis and phosphonate metabolism. Additionally, the physiology of GAD3/LAD9 is different from that displayed by most available polyphosphate accumulating organisms, and reveals both strains to be more versatile, carrying out potentials for diverse organics degradation and outstanding SADPR capacity within a single organism. The functional exploration of SADPR bacteria broadens their significant prospects for application in concurrent aerobic carbon and nutrient removal.

Background Understanding the allocation of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) among various plant organs is crucial for gaining insights into plant nutrient uptake, utilization strategies, and overall growth and life history strategies. However, little is known about the nitrogen and phosphorus allocation strategies among the three major plant organs (e.g., leaves, stems, and roots), particularly in phylogenetically closely related species. To investigate N and P allocation strategies among different plant organs, we collected 912 individuals of 62 Artemisia species, encompassing three subgenera, from 81 sites across a broad environmental expanse in China. Results Average N and P concentration and N: P ratios in major plant organs of Artemisia species have significant variations among the subgenera and ecosystems. Across all 62 species, the numerical values of the scaling exponents of N(α N ), P(α P ), and N: P(α N: P ) between leaves and stems, and leaves and root were consistently more than 1, while the corresponding scaling exponents for stems versus roots were either close to or less than 1; however, the numerical values of the scaling exponents among the three plant organs differed at subgenera levels but were relatively consistent across different ecosystems. Climate and soil had little effect on the numerical values of the scaling exponents among plant organs of Artemisia species at different local sites. Conclusion Our results found that the allocation of N and P among plant organs in Artemisia species differs at the subgenera level, suggesting that it is necessary to consider different subgenus levels when exploring plant nutrient concentration and allocation. Conversely, a conservative nutrient allocation strategy prevails at the ecosystem level. Thus, a key insight from these results is that nutrient allocation strategies of closely related species are phylogenetically conserved and are comparatively insensitive to local environmental conditions.

We have studied autumn leaf senescence in a free-growing aspen (Populus tremula) by following changes in pigment, metabolite and nutrient content, photosynthesis, and cell and organelle integrity. The senescence process started on September 11, 2003, apparently initiated solely by the photoperiod, and progressed steadily without any obvious influence of other environmental signals. For example, after this date, senescing leaves accumulated anthocyanins in response to conditions inducing photooxidative stress, but at the beginning of September the leaves did not. Degradation of leaf constituents took place over an 18-d period, and, although the cells in each leaf did not all senesce in parallel, senescence in the tree as a whole was synchronous. Lutein and [beta]-carotene were degraded in parallel with chlorophyll, whereas neoxanthin and the xanthophyll cycle pigments were retained longer. Chloroplasts in each cell were rapidly converted to gerontoplasts and many, although not all, cells died. From September 19, when chlorophyll levels had dropped by 50%, mitochondrial respiration provided the energy for nutrient remobilization. Remobilization seemed to stop on September 29, probably due to the cessation of phloem transport, but, up to abscission of the last leaves (over 1 week later), some cells were metabolically active and had chlorophyll-containing gerontoplasts. About 80% of the nitrogen and phosphorus was remobilized, and on September 29 a sudden change occurred in the [delta]¹⁵N of the cellular content, indicating that volatile compounds may have been released.

Phosphorus (P) is the second most important macronutrient for crop growth and a limiting factor in food production. Choosing the right P fertilizer formulation is important for crop production systems because P is not mobile in soils, and placing phosphate fertilizers is a major management decision. In addition, root microorganisms play an important role in helping phosphorus fertilization management by regulating soil properties and fertility through different pathways. Our study evaluated the impact of two phosphorous formulations (polyphosphates and orthophosphates) on physiological traits of wheat related to yield (photosynthetic parameters, biomass, and root morphology) and its associated microbiota. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using agricultural soil deficient in P (1.49%). Phenotyping technologies were used at the tillering, stem elongation, heading, flowering, and grain-filling stages. The evaluation of wheat physiological traits revealed highly significant differences between treated and untreated plants but not between phosphorous fertilizers. High-throughput sequencing technologies were applied to analyse the wheat rhizosphere and rhizoplane microbiota at the tillering and the grain-filling growth stages. The alpha- and beta-diversity analyses of bacterial and fungal microbiota revealed differences between fertilized and non-fertilized wheat, rhizosphere, and rhizoplane, and the tillering and grain-filling growth stages. Our study provides new information on the composition of the wheat microbiota in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane during growth stages (Z39 and Z69) under polyphosphate and orthophosphate fertilization. Hence, a deeper understanding of this interaction could provide better insights into managing microbial communities to promote beneficial plant–microbiome interactions for P uptake.

Background Changes in plant growth and root traits in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) vary depending on the level of phosphorus (P) supply. Two important strategies for P acquisition in wheat are the release of carboxylates into the rhizosphere and the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). However, the relationship between root exudates and P concentration in the shoot and root, as well as the role of AMF in this process, is not yet fully understood. This study was conducted utilizing three P supply rates (0, 50, and 200 mg P kg −1 soil) in conjunction with AMF inoculation. We examined the effects of AMF on amount of rhizosphere carboxylates and plant P uptake for nine P contrasting wheat genotypes. Results AMF decreased carboxylates, root biomass, root P content of wheat, and AMF reduced wheat root P allocation of wheat under all P levels. Notably, at 50 mg kg −1 P level, the shoot P concentration of AMF-inoculated wheat exceeded that of other P levels, having a positive mycorrhizal responsiveness in all wheat genotypes. Furthermore, analysis revealed that wheat root morphology and acid phosphatase activity significantly influenced mycorrhizal growth responsiveness, while root carboxylates played a significant role in mycorrhizal P responsiveness. Conclusions The P acquisition of wheat was found to be contingent upon the interplay of root morphology, AMF, and carboxylate levels, with AMF and carboxylate playing a more crucial role in enhancing P absorption. Consequently, the current research provides important insights for nutrient management in wheat agricultural cultivation.