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Geoinformation : remote sensing, photogrammetry, and geographic information systems
\"Preface In the 1990s, surveying and mapping underwent a transition from disciplineoriented technologies, such as geodesy, surveying, photogrammetry, and cartography, to the methodology-oriented integrated discipline of geoinformatics. This is based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), or GPS, positioning, remote sensing, digital photography for data acquisition, and a geographic information system (GIS) for data manipulation and data output. This book attempts to present the required basic background for remote sensing, digital photogrammetry, and GIS in the new geoinformatics concept in which the different methodologies must be combined. For remote sensing, the basic fundamentals are the properties of electromagnetic radiation and their interaction with matter. This radiation is received by sensors and platforms in an analogue or digital form, and is subject to image processing. In photogrammetry, the stereo concept is used for the location of information in 3D. With the advent of high-resolution satellite systems in stereo, the theory of analytical photogrammetry restituting 2D image information into 3D is of increasing importance, merging the remote sensing approach with that of photogrammetry. The result of the restitution is a direct input into geographic information systems in vector or raster form. The fundamentals of these are described in detail, with an emphasis on global, regional, and local applications. In the context of data integration, a short introduction to the GPS satellite positioning system is provided. This book will appeal to a wide range of readers from advanced undergraduates to all professionals in the growing field of geoinformation\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The Digital Revolution to Come: Photogrammetry in Archaeological Practice
The three-dimensional (3D) revolution promised to transform archaeological practice. Of the technologies that contribute to the proliferation of 3D data, photogrammetry facilitates the rapid and inexpensive digitization of complex subjects in both field and lab settings. It finds additional use as a tool for public outreach, where it engages audiences ranging from source communities to artifact collectors. But what has photogrammetry's function been in advancing archaeological analysis? Drawing on our previous work, we review recent applications to understand the role of photogrammetry for contemporary archaeologists. Although photogrammetry is widely used as a visual aid, its analytical potential remains underdeveloped. Considering various scales of inquiry—graduating from objects to landscapes—we address how the technology fits within and expands existing documentation and data visualization routines, while evaluating the opportunity it presents for addressing archaeological questions and problems in innovative ways. We advance an agenda advocating that archaeologists move from proof-of-concept papers toward greater integration of photogrammetry with research.
Journal Article
Towards Image Documentation of Grave Coverings and Epitaphs for Exhibition Purposes
Epitaphs and memorials as immovable items in sacred spaces provide with their inscriptions valuable documents of history. Today not only photography or photos are suitable as presentation material for cultural assets in museums. Computer vision and photogrammetry provide methods for recording, 3D modelling, rendering under artificial light conditions as well as further options for analysis and investigation of artistry. For exhibition purposes epitaphs have been recorded by the structure from motion method. A comparison of different kinds of SFM software distributions could be worked out. The suitability of open source software in the mesh processing chain from modelling up to displaying on computer monitors should be answered. Raspberry Pi, a computer in SoC technology works as a media server under Linux applying Python scripts. Will the little computer meet the requirements for a museum and is the handling comfortable enough for staff and visitors? This contribution reports about the case study.
Journal Article
AutoScan3D: A low-cost, portable photogrammetry system for automated 3D digitization of anatomical specimens
This study presents the development and preliminary validation of AutoScan3D, a portable and low-cost device for three-dimensional surface digitization of skulls using photogrammetry. The growing demand for accessible digitalization methods has encouraged the use of photogrammetry as a practical complement to high-end imaging technologies such as micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), which, although capable of visualizing internal structures with superior resolution, remains expensive and requires specialized facilities. AutoScan3D automates photographic capture through a smartphone camera, stepper motors, and an Arduino UNO controller. The system integrates a camera positioning module and an object rotation module to standardize image acquisition at fixed intervals. Its performance was evaluated by comparing the resulting 3D models with reference models derived from micro-CT scans to verify geometric accuracy and surface reconstruction fidelity. The results indicate that AutoScan3D reliably reproduces external morphology with realistic photographic textures and compact file sizes that facilitate subsequent manipulation in modeling software. Although its spatial resolution is lower than that of micro-CT, the device’s total hardware cost (≈USD 90) and ease of operation make it suitable for educational, demonstrative, and museographic contexts where external morphology is the main focus. Planned improvements include enhanced lighting control, compatibility with higher-resolution cameras, and a dedicated user interface. AutoScan3D thus provides a reproducible and affordable framework for surface-based three-dimensional digitization, expanding access to digital morphology tools in resource-limited settings.
Journal Article
Motion Vector Field Estimation Using Brightness Constancy Assumption and Epipolar Geometry Constraint
In most Photogrammetry and computer vision tasks, finding the corresponding points among images is required. Among many, the Lucas-Kanade optical flow estimation has been employed for tracking interest points as well as motion vector field estimation. This paper uses the IMU measurements to reconstruct the epipolar geometry and it integrates the epipolar geometry constraint with the brightness constancy assumption in the Lucas-Kanade method. The proposed method has been tested using the KITTI dataset. The results show the improvement in motion vector field estimation in comparison to the Lucas-Kanade optical flow estimation. The same approach has been used in the KLT tracker and it has been shown that using epipolar geometry constraint can improve the KLT tracker. It is recommended that the epipolar geometry constraint is used in advanced variational optical flow estimation methods.
Journal Article
Integrated Geomatic Approaches for the 3D Documentation and Analysis of the Church of Saint Andrew in Orani, Sardinia
Documenting cultural heritage sites through 3D reconstruction is crucial and can be accomplished using various geomatic techniques, such as Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS), Close-Range Photogrammetry (CRP), and UAV photogrammetry. Each method comes with different levels of complexity, accuracy, field times, post-processing requirements, and costs, making them suitable for different types of restitutions. Recently, research has increasingly focused on user-friendly and faster techniques, while also considering the cost–benefit balance between accuracy, times, and costs. In this scenario, photogrammetry using images captured with 360-degree cameras and LiDAR sensors integrated into Apple devices have gained significant popularity. This study proposes the application of various techniques for the geometric reconstruction of a complex cultural heritage site, the Church of Saint Andrew in Orani, Sardinia. Datasets acquired from different geomatic techniques have been evaluated in terms of quality and usability for documenting various aspects of the site. The TLS provided an accurate model of both the interior and exterior of the church, serving as the ground truth for the validation process. UAV photogrammetry offered a broader view of the exterior, while panoramic photogrammetry from 360° camera was applied to survey the bell tower’s interior. Additionally, CRP and Apple LiDAR were compared in the context of a detailed survey.
Journal Article
SensatUrban: Learning Semantics from Urban-Scale Photogrammetric Point Clouds
With the recent availability and affordability of commercial depth sensors and 3D scanners, an increasing number of 3D (i.e., RGBD, point cloud) datasets have been publicized to facilitate research in 3D computer vision. However, existing datasets either cover relatively small areas or have limited semantic annotations. Fine-grained understanding of urban-scale 3D scenes is still in its infancy. In this paper, we introduce SensatUrban, an urban-scale UAV photogrammetry point cloud dataset consisting of nearly three billion points collected from three UK cities, covering 7.6 km2. Each point in the dataset has been labelled with fine-grained semantic annotations, resulting in a dataset that is three times the size of the previous existing largest photogrammetric point cloud dataset. In addition to the more commonly encountered categories such as road and vegetation, urban-level categories including rail, bridge, and river are also included in our dataset. Based on this dataset, we further build a benchmark to evaluate the performance of state-of-the-art segmentation algorithms. In particular, we provide a comprehensive analysis and identify several key challenges limiting urban-scale point cloud understanding. The dataset is available at http://point-cloud-analysis.cs.ox.ac.uk/.
Journal Article