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"Photographs -- Identification"
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Mass capture : Chinese head tax and the making of non-citizens
Mass Capture argues the CI 9 documents implemented by the Canadian government to acquire information on Chinese migrants acted as a process of mass capture that produced non-citizens. Cho reveals CI 9s as more than documents of racist repression: they offer possibilities for beauty and dignity in the archive, for captivation as well as capture.
eBook
Photo forensics
Photographs have been doctored since photography was invented. Dictators have erased people from photographs and from history. Politicians have manipulated photos for short-term political gain. Altering photographs in the predigital era required time-consuming darkroom work. Today, powerful and low-cost digital technology makes it relatively easy to alter digital images, and the resulting fakes are difficult to detect. The field of photo forensics - pioneered in Hany Farid's lab at Dartmouth College - restores some trust to photography. In this book, Farid describes techniques that can be used to authenticate photos.
eBook
Constitutional law: 'City of Memphis v. Hargett'
In 2012, a voter identification law went into effect in Tennessee requiring voters to present photo identification before voting in person on election day - the first law of its kind in Tennessee. Recently, in City of 'Memphis v. Hargett', the Tennessee Supreme Court upheld the photo ID requirement under the Tennessee Constitution, both facially and as applied to the plaintiff-voters, on the ground that the burdens placed on voting did not outweigh the state's interest in ensuring election integrity. The case provided the Tennessee Supreme Court with its first opportunity to establish a standard of review governing the \"right of suffrage\" provision in the Tennessee Constitution. The court should have used this opportunity to firmly establish strict scrutiny as the appropriate standard of review for voter ID laws that substantially burden the right to vote, instead of merely \"assum[ing], rather than decid[ing], that strict scrutiny applie[d].\"
Journal Article
Sex- and age-specific survival of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) from Tugidak Island, Alaska
We estimated sex- and age-specific apparent survival of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) born at Tugidak Island, Alaska, from 2000 to 2007 using mark–recapture models and photographs of ventral pelage markings to identify individuals. Estimates of annual apparent survival (1 − (mortality + emigration)) of females were from 0.05 to 0.10 higher than those of males and were 0.820 for weaning (∼1 month) to 1 year, 0.865 for 1–3 years, and 0.929 at 3–7 years. Annual survival of males was 0.717, 0.782, and 0.879 for the same ages. Highest mortality occurred preweaning, with cumulative mortality to 4 weeks of age of 0.259, indicating this is the most vulnerable period for Tugidak harbor seals. Estimates of survival, not biased by misidentification, required that an individual had at least 2 good-quality, matching photographs in the photograph library. The number of photographs available for matching improved resighting probabilities from 0.43 for seals with 2 photographs to 0.69 for seals with 8 photographs, but this heterogeneity did not affect survival estimates. Survival estimates based on photograph-identification data were nearly identical to those based on resightings of flipper-tagged seals using mark–recapture models with a preliminary double-tag–loss estimate of 2.5% per year. Photograph identification of natural pelage markings provides a viable method for estimating vital rates of harbor seals even at large haul-outs (>1,000 animals) and may be useful for populations of conservation concern that require low disturbance of animals or where capturing sufficient numbers of seals for artificial marking is not feasible.
Journal Article
Voter Identification
In the wake of closely contested elections, calls for laws that require voters to present photo identification as a condition to cast a ballot have become pervasive. Advocates tend to rely on two rhetorical devices: (1) anecdotes about a couple of elections tainted by voter fraud; and (2) \"common sense\" arguments that voters should produce photo identification because identification is required to board airplanes, buy alcohol, and engage in other activities. This Article explains the analytical shortcomings of anecdote, analogy, and intuition, and applies a cost-benefit approach generally overlooked in election law scholarship. Rather than rushing to impose a photo-identification requirement for voting, policymakers should instead examine empirical data to weigh the costs and benefits of such a requirement. Existing data suggest that the number of legitimate voters who would fail to bring photo identification to the polls is several times higher than the number of fraudulent voters, and that a photo-identification requirement would produce political outcomes that are less reflective of the electorate as a whole. Policymakers should await better empirical studies before imposing potentially antidemocratic measures. Judges, in turn, should demand statistical data to ensure that voter identification procedures are appropriately tailored to deter fraudulent voters rather than legitimate ones and do not disproportionately exclude protected classes of voters.
Journal Article
Exhibiting loss and salvaging the everyday: Photography, objects and the missing
By the end of the conflict in the former Yugoslavia, which took place between 1991 and 1997 and resulted in the deaths of at least one hundred and thirty thousand people, an estimated 22,438 people were unaccounted for. Their whereabouts were unknown and their remains were missing. By 2013, the fate of 14,552 of these individuals had been clarified with 7,886 people still missing. The clarification of the fate of the missing is a fundamental component of transitional justice processes. Taking as its focus two photographic projects - one with forensic identification purposes and the other with a memorialisation focus - this article will explore the juridical and memorialisation contexts in which these photographs circulate, asking how photographs might be, on the one hand, practical tools for the identification of remains, but also, at the same time, act as visual vehicles for raising awareness and action around the broader justice questions concerning the clarification of the fate of the missing.
Journal Article
SMILE FOR THE CAMERA, THE WORLD IS GOING TO SEE THAT MUG: THE DILEMMA OF PRIVACY INTERESTS IN MUG SHOTS
Under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), individuals can request certain agency records, including mug shots, from federal agencies. Until 1996, the policy of the United States Marshals Service (USMS) was to use FOIA's broad law enforcement exemption, Exemption 7(C), to deny requests for mug shots. However, in 1996, the Sixth Circuit in Detroit Free Press v. Department of Justice found that a mug shot does not implicate an arrestee's privacy right and, consequently, Exemption 7(C) inapplicable. Due to FOIA's liberal venue provision, Detroit Free Press is in effect binding upon the entire nation: So long as a request for a mug shot originates within the Sixth Circuit, USMS releases the mug shot regardless of where USMS initially took the mug shot. Indeed, two recent contrary decisions in the Eleventh and Tenth Circuits, Karantsalis v. Department of Justice and World Publishing v. Department of Justice, have had no practical effect on the dispute—USMS must still release mug shots even within these jurisdictions in accordance with Detroit Free Press. The legacy of the legally impotent Karantsalis and World Publishing has been to create a climate in which USMS will almost certainly try to provoke (and may be in the process of provoking) another dispute within the Sixth Circuit via controversial executive nonacquiesence to induce the Circuit to reconsider en banc the issues in Detroit Free Press and unilaterally refuse to disclose mug shots even within the Sixth Circuit. This dispute has emerged coincident to a growing national debate regarding the merits of mug shot disclosure in reaction to the rise of commercial mug shot databases—websites that obtain mug shots at both the federal and state levels, and publish them online for profit. This Note argues that this dispute should be resolved in favor of the Tenth and Eleventh Circuits: In the case of mug shot requests, courts should uphold agency invocations of Exemption 7(C) in favor of nondisclosure. Furthermore, in light of the current legal complications of resolving this dispute within the judiciary due to executive nonacquiesence, this Note suggests a comprehensive legislative solution that would address the mug shot issue at both the state and federal levels.
Journal Article
