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"Physical Characteristics"
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Growth, carcass and meat quality in Zwartbles lambs slaughtered at different live weights
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of different live weights at slaughter (LWS) of Zwartbles lambs on their daily gain (DG), carcass traits (CT) and chemical and physical characteristics of the quadriceps femoris muscle (QFM). A total of four weight groups of lambs were evaluated: group A, LWS = up to 35 kg; group B, LWS from 35.1 to 40 kg; group C, LWS from 40.1 to 45 kg and group D, LWS from 45.1 to 50 kg. The LWS had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on DG and most CTs, when average DG and most weights of individual CTs increased with increasing LWS. The evaluation of the influence of LWS on the chemical and physical characteristics of QFM primarily shows that this factor had a significant (P < 0.05) effect only on the content of intramuscular fat (IMF) and redness index (RI), when in both cases the values of these traits increased (IMF: from 0.57 to 1.21%; RI: from 8.53 to 9.76) with increasing LWS. In conclusion, it can be stated that most of the monitored traits in all weight groups of Zwartbles lambs were comparable with their levels in specialized meat breeds of sheep.
Journal Article
Soil enzyme activities, soil physical properties, photosynthetic physical characteristics and water use of winter wheat after long-term straw mulch and organic fertilizer application
Inappropriate residue and nutrient management leads to soil degradation and the decline of soil quality and water storage capacity.
An ongoing field experiment has been conducted since 2011 to investigate the effects of straw mulching (SM), and straw mulching combined with organic fertilizer (SM+O), on winter wheat yield, including a control treatment (CK, no straw). We studied the effects of these treatments on soil microbial biomass nitrogen and carbon, soil enzyme activity in 2019, photosynthetic parameters, evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE), and yields over five consecutive years (2015-2019). We also analyzed the soil organic carbon, soil structure, field capacity, and saturated hydraulic conductivity in 2015 and 2019.
Results indicate that compared with CK, SM and SM+O treatments increased the proportion of >0.25mm aggregates, soil organic carbon, field capacity, and saturated hydraulic conductivity, but decreased the soil bulk density. In addition, the SM and SM+O treatments also increased soil microbial biomass nitrogen and carbon, the activity of soil enzymes, and decreased the carbon-nitrogen ratio of microbial biomass. Therefore, SM and SM+O treatments both increased the leaf water use efficiency (LWUE) and photosynthetic rate (Pn), and improved the yields and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat. The combination SM (4.5 t/ha)+O (0.75 t/ha) was more effective than SM alone, and both treatments were superior to the control.
Based on the results of this study, SM+O is recommended as the most effective cultivation practice.
Journal Article
Dietary inclusion of a partially defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larva meal in low fishmeal-based diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Background
Recent investigations highlighted that
Hermetia illucens
(BSF) larva meal can be a valuable alternative protein source for aquafeed production. In this study, in substitution of fishmeal, we used increasing inclusion levels of a partially defatted BSF larva meal in low fishmeal-based diets for rainbow trout (
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Walbaum) and we evaluated the related implications in terms of growth performance, physical characteristics, proximate and fatty acid (FA) compositions of the fillets, gut and liver histology, and diet digestibility. In a 131-day trial, 576 fish (100.1 ± 9.29 g) were randomly allotted to 24 tanks (24 fish/tank, 4 replicates/treatment). Six experimental diets were produced to have partial replacement of fishmeal (0, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) by increasing levels of BSF meal (0% [BSF0], 3% [BSF3], 6% [BSF6], 9% [BSF9], 12% [BSF12] and 15% [BSF15] on as fed basis, respectively).
Results
No differences were observed among the treatments for all the considered growth performance parameters. The viscero and hepato-somatic indexes showed significant differences among the treatments, with the highest values observed in the BSF15 group. No differences were recorded in terms of fillet’s physical characteristics, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) contents. Total saturated and monounsaturated FA increased, while polyunsaturated FA (particularly n-3 FA) decreased while increasing the HI meal inclusion in the diet. Histopathology of liver and gut was not affected, whereas, in posterior gut, villi were higher in BSF6 and BSF9 compared to BSF3 fish. The apparent digestibility of DM, CP, EE and gross energy did not vary among the treatments.
Conclusions
These results suggest that a partially defatted BSF meal could be included up to 15% in low fishmeal-based diets for rainbow trout with no adverse effects on growth performance, fillet’s physical characteristics, gut and liver health, and diet digestibility. On the contrary, the fillet FA composition worsened while increasing the level of BSF meal in the diet.
Journal Article
Image processing based modeling for Rosa roxburghii fruits mass and volume estimation
The mass and volume of
Rosa roxburghii
fruits are essential for fruit grading and consumer selection. Physical characteristics such as dimension, projected area, mass, and volume are interrelated. Image-based mass and volume estimation facilitates the automation of fruit grading, which can replace time-consuming and laborious manual grading. In this study, image processing techniques were used to extract fruit dimensions and projected areas, and univariate (linear, quadratic, exponential, and power) and multivariate regression models were used to estimate the mass and volume of
Rosa roxburghii
fruits. The results showed that the quadratic model based on the criterion projected area (
CPA
) estimated the best mass (R
2
= 0.981) with an accuracy of 99.27%, and the equation is M = 0.280 + 0.940
CPA
+ 0.071
CPA
2
. The multivariate regression model based on three projected areas (
PA
1
,
PA
2
, and
PA
3
) estimated the best volume (R
2
= 0.898) with an accuracy of 98.24%, and the equation is V = − 8.467 + 0.657
PA
1
+ 1.294
PA
2
+ 0.628
PA
3
. In practical applications, cost savings can be realized by having only one camera position. Therefore, when the required accuracy is low, estimating mass and volume simultaneously from only the dimensional information of the side view or the projected area information of the top view is recommended.
Journal Article
Physical characteristic and sensory evaluation of egg tea ice cream
Egg tea is a traditional drink made from tea, egg, and sugar with a distinctive and preferred flavor originating from Minangkabau, West Sumatra. This drink is usually consumed hot but diversified into ice cream to expand marketing and extend shelf life. This study aimed to determine the effect of the percentage of adding different egg teas on the physical characteristic and sensory tests of ice cream. This research was conducted using an experimental method with a completely randomized design consisting of five treatments, adding 0% -100% egg tea, and four replications. The parameters were observed; color, sensory evaluation, and sensory intensity. The addition of the percentage of egg tea in the manufacture of ice cream had a significant effect (P<0.05) on increasing the value of color sensory intensity, decreasing the sensory rate of texture and sensory testing, but had no significant effect on the sensory intensity of taste and aroma. The results of this study obtained the average color (b*) 13.03-23.75, sensory values for color, taste, aroma, texture, and overall, from slightly like to like, while the sensory intensity of color (not brown-brown), taste (rather creamy-creamy), aroma (neutral), and texture (rather soft-soft).
Journal Article
Numerical Analysis of Physical Characteristics and Heat Transfer Decoupling Behavior in Bypass Coupling Variable Polarity Plasma Arc
A novel bypass coupling variable polarity plasma arc was proposed to achieve the accurate adjusting of heat and mass transfer in the welding and additive manufacturing of aluminum alloy. However, the physical characteristics and decoupled transfer behavior remain unclear, restricting its application and development. A three-dimensional model of the bypass coupling variable polarity plasma arc was built based on Kirchhoff’s law, the main arc and the bypass arc are coupled by an electromagnetic field. The model of current attachment on the tungsten electrode surface is included for simulating different heating processes of the EP and EN phases in the coupling arc. The distribution of temperature field, flow field, and current density of the bypass coupling variable polarity plasma arc was studied by the three-dimensional numerical model. The heat input on the base metal under different current conditions is quantified. To verify the model, the arc voltages are compared and the results in simulation and experiment agree with each other well. The results show that the radius of the bypass coupling arc with or without bypass current action on the base metal is different, and the flow vector of the bypass coupling arc plasma with bypass current is larger than the arc without bypass current. By comparing the heat transfer on the electrodes’ boundary under different current conditions, it is found that increasing the bypass current results in the rise in heat input on the base metal. Therefore, it is concluded that using bypass current is unable to completely decouple the wire melting and the heat input of the base metal. The decoupled degree of heat transfer is one of the important factors for accurate control in the manufacturing process with this coupling arc.
Journal Article
Hydroalcoholic extracts of Psidium cattleianum Afzel. ex Sabine for liqueur production: influence of different fruit harvesting points on phytochemical, volatile, and sensory profiles, antioxidant activity and physical characteristics
Araçá (Psidium cattleianum Afzel. ex Sabine) is a tasty Brazilian fruit that can be used in the production of alcoholic beverages, such as liqueur. This study aimed to determine the phenolic, volatile, and sensory profiles, antioxidant activity and physical characteristics of hydroalcoholic extracts of Araçá, red variety, from different harvest points (unripe, ripe and, senescent fruits). For the elaboration of the extracts, Cachaça (Brazilian spirit) was used. Fifteen phenolic compounds were identified and quantified, classified between phenolic acids and flavonoids, with emphasis on 3,4-DHB, chlorogenic acid, sinapic acid, catechin, epicatechin, isoquercetrin, and quercetin. The highest antioxidant activity was for hydroalcoholic extract of unripe fruits. In the hydroalcoholic extracts, 53 volatile compounds were identified, being them: alcohols, esters, terpenes, ketones, aldehydes, and others compounds. In cachaça, 20 compounds were detected, mostly esters. For taste, senescent fruit extract differed from unripe fruit extract. The physical characteristics of the hydroalcoholic extracts were consistent with the fruit harvesting points. Hydroalcoholic extracts showed similar aroma profiles compared to Cachaça. The liqueurs, produced with the hydroalcoholic extracts of Araçá, red variety, can be a promising alternative for obtaining beverages with important compounds for human health.
Journal Article
Sprint, agility, strength and endurance capacity in wheelchair basketball players
The aims of the present study were, firstly, to determine the reliability and reproducibility of an agility T-test and Yo-Yo 10 m recovery test; and secondly, to analyse the physical characteristics measured by sprint, agility, strength and endurance field tests in wheelchair basketball (WB) players. 16 WB players (33.06 ± 7.36 years, 71.89 ± 21.71 kg and sitting body height 86.07 ± 6.82 cm) belonging to the national WB league participated in this study. Wheelchair sprint (5 and 20 m without ball, and 5 and 20 m with ball) agility (T-test and pick-up test) strength (handgrip and maximal pass) and endurance (Yo-Yo 10 m recovery test) were performed. T-test and Yo-Yo 10 m recovery test showed good reproducibility values (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC = 0.74-0.94). The WB players' results in 5 and 20 m sprints without a ball were 1.87 ± 0.21 s and 5.70 ± 0.43 s and with a ball 2.10 ± 0.30 s and 6.59 ± 0.61 s, being better than those reported in the literature. Regarding the pick-up test results (16.05 ± 0.52 s) and maximal pass (8.39 ± 1.77 m), players showed worse values than those obtained in elite players. The main contribution of the present study is the characterization of the physical performance profile of WB players using a field test battery. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the agility T-test and the aerobic Yo-Yo 10 m recovery test are reliable; consequently they may be appropriate instruments for measuring physical fitness in WB.
Journal Article
