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The purpose of the research was to define the variability of soil temperature and moisture in three profiles in the Połonina Wetlińska Range in the period 23/11/2020–19/11/2021 and to assess the relationship between these parameters and meteorological conditions. Soil temperature and moisture loggers were situated at two depths (20 cm 45 cm). Research has shown a higher soil temperature at a subsurface depth between the end of April and August. The soil temperature was strongly correlated with the air temperature in the warm half-year. The highest average soil temperature was observed for the southern slope (7,5oC at both depths). In the cold half-year, low variability of soil temperature, the the insulating role of snow cover, and the lack of soil freezing were discovered. The annual average volumetric soil moisture of the soils studied ranged from 42% to 53% at a depth of 20 cm, and from 39% to 44% at a depth of 45 cm. Among the soils studied, those represented by the lower clay fraction content, the lower bulk density, and the higher organic matter content were characterised by the higher volumetric moisture. An increase in soil moisture, mainly driven by infiltration of rainwater and melting snow, may also be caused by lateral throughflow. Generally, soil moisture was dependent on the previous precipitation totals. Additionally, in the cold half-year, higher soil moisture was related to higher air temperature, whereas in the warm half-year, this relation was opposite. The research revealed a lower variability of soil moisture in profiles located within a forest glade on the northern slope than at the profile located within a meadow, on the southern slope of the Połonina Wetlińska. The variability in soil moisture was lowest during the winter months in the highest elevated profile close to the ridge, whereas the highest variability was observed during the summer on the southern slope. furthermore, in the warm half-year, evapotranspira- tion was an important factor resulting in a greater variability of soil moisture at shallower depths of the studied profiles. The higher soil retention capacity in the upper part of the Bieszczady Mountains ranges may affect a more effective recharge of groundwater reservoirs, which feed springs located in the upper part of the slopes

The article attempts to determine the geomorphological changes in the bottom of the Pilica valley between Sulejówand Smardzewice near Tomaszów Mazowiecki in the period from the late 1960s to 2016. The research was divided into threeparts. The first part included the most faithful reconstruction of the topography of the valley bottom, not only based on a con-tour drawing, but also on an additional geomorphological interpretation not described using classic cartographic methods.In the second stage of work, an attempt was made to recreate the relief of the valley floor, which was already the bottom ofan artificial water reservoir. For this purpose, measurements of the reservoir depth were made using sonar. The sonar data weresupplemented with the results of geomorphological interpretation and photointerpretation in places where direct measurementscould not be made. In the third stage of research, based on the morphometric situation from 1968 and 2016, an attempt wasmade to determine changes in the morphometry of the valley floor during the formation and functioning of the Sulejów Reser-voir.

The phenomenon of mass death of mussels in the Rusałka reservoir in Poznań took place in July 2018. As a result of this incident, the Unionidae population has been depleted. The number of dead mussels was counted, which floated around the banks and in the water. A total of approximately 5,500 deaths were found. Due to the scale of the phenomenon, the analysis of water quality was carried out by the Voivodeship Inspectorate for Environmental Protection in Poznań. Four samples of water were taken from different depths of the reservoir to perform physico-chemical and biological analyses. Two profiles, oxygen and temperature, were made in the deepest place of the Rusałka reservoir. There was a presence of hydrogen sulphide at the 5-meter depth of the reservoir. Additionally, oxygen concentration decreased strongly with depth to total deoxidation (< 0.50 mg•l-1O2 from 5 meters depth to the bottom). Furthermore, the average air temperatures in May 2018, in Poznań, were more than 3°C higher than in 2017 and 2016. In June and July, temperatures increased on average by 1 and 2°C compared to the previous. It was shown that the mass death of mussels was probably the result of the interaction of high temperature, a lack of oxygen, and the presence of hydrogen sulphide. It is not possible to clearly indicate only one factor that led to this phenomenon.

The article analyses the youngest morphological changes in the central section of the Warta valley floor betweenWoźniki village and Uniejów town. Although various manifestations of human impact have been recorded in landformsand sediments since at least the Bronze Age, these processes became more intense in the first half of the 19th century. At thattime, the construction and expansion of flood embankments, carried out in stages, was of great importance, as was the con-struction of the Jeziorsko Dam Reservoir with accompanying hydrotechnical structures and devices. The flood embankmentsin sections outside the reservoir resulted in a radical separation of morphogenetic processes in the area between the embank-ments and in the outer two belts of the embankment. In the vicinity of the Jeziorsko Reservoir, characteristic morphodynamiczones with variable process dynamics have developed, functioning depending on water level fluctuations and flow variabilityin the Warta riverbed: the coastal zone and the delta zone of the reservoir. The research, focused on a detailed analysisof changes in the relief of the delta, allowed to prove that a single flood can change the degree of siltation of the reservoir, justlike several dozen years of constant accumulation. It was also found that the effects of floods can be better assessed only aftera few years rather than after a few months after the event.

This study deals with the vascular plants in the castle park in Uniejów and Żermina Składkowska park in Turek. The first of them was set up in the Warta river valley, the second – in the valley of a small stream called Folusz. During the vegetation seasons of 2018–2019, a descriptive list was made of the vascular plants at both sites. The identified species were divided into three groups: sociological-ecological, biotopic and geographical-historical. Based on the analysis of the historical-geographical spectrum of the flora, selected indicators of anthropogenic changes were defined. In total, 314 species of vascular plants were identified in the studied places. The flora of the castle park in Uniejów includes 217 species of vascular plants; in Żermina Składkowska park 202 such species were found. 217 of those species are indigenous, while 97 are non-native. Some of the species found in the parks are: Gagea pratensis, Thalictrum flavum, Galium schultesi andCorydalis intermedia. The flora of the park in Uniejów is more natural (25%) than that in the parkin Turek (10,9%). Consequently, the indicators of anthropogenic changes for the Turek park are higher. Parks around historic buildings (castles, palaces, manors) and large city parks constitute refugiums of the flora typical of natural habitats in the anthropogenic landscape.

The issue of shaping public spaces, while it is the subject of numerous analyses, rarely directly addresses rural settlements. Meanwhile, there is an increasing need to create and transform common places in rural territories. To assess the importance of revitalization and the tourist potential of public space from the perspective of individuals responsible for spatial planning in the municipalities of Tarnów poviat. An online survey questionnaire sent to the offices of 16 rural and urban-rural municipalities of the Tarnów poviat, as well as interviews with representatives of offices responsible for spatial planning and promotion of the municipality. The municipalities of the Tarnów poviat are attractive from a tourism perspective, and both residents and tourists are eager to utilize the available elements of public space. Local authorities recognize the significance of public space in the lives of residents and in the promotion of the municipality, and their development plans often include revitalization and the creation of new communal spaces.

Water, which is a part of the earth-water (yer-su), and the \"water cult\" shaped around it, were evaluated in the first place together with \"earth\" in the natural cults of the Turks. In the background of the perception of water as sacred, in cosmic and cosmogonic expressions, the fact that the cosmos starts with water and ends with water again plays a vital role. Therefore, water spirits are both the owner and the “lord” of the waters. Concordantly, the idea that everywhere was covered with water at the beginning of life brings to the fore the concept and motif of being the dominant power and being a part or representative of the celestial spirits. In the epics, water mostly appears in the form of the sky-khagan duality, the sanctity of water being a part of God, being a state and a helping power in keeping a homeland. In this context, the words, prayers, sayings, attitudes and behaviors related to the water cult in Anatolia are the reflected forms and manifestations of the earth-water beliefs that existed in the pre-Islamic ancient Turkish culture.

The aim of the study was to determine changes in the intensity of drought in the annual course (5-day periods)and in the multi-year course (1994–2023) and to identify the co-occurrence of droughts and low-flows on the exampleof the Bystrzanka catchment located in the Beskid-foothill part of the Western Carpathians. In the study, among other things,the threshold values for different types of droughts (meteorological, soil, hydrological), as well as their duration with divisioninto two 15-year sub-periods, and the co-occurrence periods of studied types of droughts was identified. The study used datafrom daily measurements at the Research Station of the Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academyof Sciences at Szymbark. In the multi-year period 1994–2023, 824 pentads with meteorological drought, 712 pentads with soildrought and 1,067 pentads with hydrological droughts were found. Meteorological droughts were characterised by short dura-tion (maximum nine pentads), while hydrological droughts were characterised by long duration (maximum 45 pentads).The synchronous occurrence of meteorological, soil and hydrological droughts was found in the period of 262 pentadsand their duration increased in the second half of the study period (co-occurrence of the studied droughts was recordedwith 32 more pentads than in the first sub-period).

The aim of this paper is to present the spatial and temporal differentiation of the stability and uncertainty of the riverrunoff regime in Poland in the years 1951–2020. Based on the stability coefficient and measures resulting from Shannon'sinformation entropy theory, the degree of regularity and uncertainty in the annual cycle of maximum and minimum monthlyrunoff in the multi-annual period 1951–2020 was determined. The study revealed that changes in stability and uncertaintyas well as the timing of the maximum and minimum runoff during the warming period after 1988 were spatially differentiated.The stability of the maximum runoff decreased in rivers in central Poland and rivers in the eastern part of the country and in-creased in most coastal and lake district rivers as well as the Sudeten tributaries of the middle Oder and the Carpathian tribu-taries of the Vistula up to the Dunajec River. The timing of the maximum runoff was both accelerated from spring to winter-spring, and delayed from winter-spring to spring and spring to spring-summer. The stability of the minimum runoff in manyrivers (37% of profiles) increased significantly, but without a significant change in the date of its occurrence. The stabilityof the minimum runoff decreased, and the timing of its appearance was accelerated in the case of mountain rivers and the Odraand Vistula up to Dęblin.

The subject of the study was the analysis of changes in water resources in lowland Poland based on the volumeof specific discharge from 39 catchments located on coastlines, in lake districts and in lowlands in the hydrological years 1961––2021. The analyses were based on trends in average annual and monthly runoff from individual catchments, taking into ac-count their statistical significance. Catchments were also clustered using the Ward method in terms of the pace of the observedchanges (slope trend coefficients) in specific discharges in individual months.Approximately half of the studied catchments showed a significant decrease in average annual specific discharges. Nonerecorded a statistically significant increase in this parameter. Most catchments recorded declines in runoff in the spring months(April and May), and four recorded increase in runoff in the winter months (January and February). The most significantchanges in water resources measured by the amount of specific discharge occurred in catchments located in plains characterisedby low natural retention and situated within the lowlands.