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"Physical growth"
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Methods in human growth research
This volume is a review of up-to-date methods used in human growth research.
Book
Monitoring urban physical growth in tsunami-affected areas: a case study of Banda Aceh City, Indonesia
Building back better-based urban planning is an integral part of efforts to increase urban resilience. Therefore, urban physical growth needs to be monitored to prevent built-up areas from expanding into hazard zones. This study analyzed the dynamics of urban physical growth and its driving forces in tsunami-affected areas of Banda Aceh after the 2004 tsunami. Built-up areas were extracted from Landsat images. The annual growth rate equation was used to estimate the growth characteristics in the tsunami-affected and safe areas. In-depth interviews and extensive literature reviews were also conducted to identify the determinant factors of urban redevelopment in tsunami-affected areas. Results showed that the annual growth rate was high in the areas during the disaster recovery period (2005–2009). Nevertheless, urban physical growth dominated in the safe areas during 2009–2019. The study also identified several driving forces of urban physical growth in the hazard zones: (1) population growth, (2) spatial planning, (3) distance to old city center, (4) land ownership and prices, and (5) socio-economic factors. This study provided new insights for urban planners to reduce disaster risk in urban areas.
Journal Article
The everyday supermodel : my beauty, fashion, and wellness secrets made simple
\"With down-to-earth charm, humor, and best girlfriend tough love, 'supermodel next door' Molly Sims shares her ... beauty, fashion, fitness, and wellness secrets\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Trends in urban/rural inequalities in physical growth among Chinese children over three decades of urbanization in Guangzhou: 1985–2015
Background
Great growth inequalities between urban and rural areas have been reported in China over the past years. By examining urban/rural inequalities in physical growth among children < 7 years old over the past three decades from 1985 to 2015 in Guangzhou, we analyzed altering trends of anthropometric data in children and their association with economic development during the period of rapid urbanization in Guangzhou.
Methods
The height, body weight and nutrition status of children under 7 years old were obtained from two successive cross-sectional surveys and one health surveillance system. Student’s
t
-test, Spearman’s rank-order correlation and polynomial regression were used to assess the difference in physical growth between children in urban and rural areas and the association between socioeconomic index and secular growth changes.
Results
A height and weight difference was found between urban and rural children aged 0–6 years during the first two decades of our research (1985–2005), which gradually narrowed in both sex groups over time. By the end of 2015, elder boys (age group ≥5 year) and girls (age group ≥4 year) in rural areas were taller than their counterparts in urban areas (
p
< 0.05).The same trend could be witnessed in the weight of children aged 6 years, with a − 1.30 kg difference (
P
= 0.03) for boys, and a − 0.05 difference (
P
= 0.82) for girls. When GDP increased, the gap in boys’ weight-for-age z-score (WAZ from 0.25 to 0.01) and height-for-age z-score (HAZ from 0.55 to 0.03) between urban and rural areas diminished, and disappeared when the GDP per capita (USD) approached 25,000. In either urban or rural areas, the urbanization rate and GDP were positively associated with the prevalence of obesity (all
R
> 0.90 with
P
< 0.05) and negatively correlated with the prevalence of stunted growth (all
R
< -0.87 with
P
< 0.05).
Conclusion
Growth inequalities gradually decreased with economic development and urbanization, while new challenges such as obesity emerged. To eliminate health problems due to catch-up growth among rural children, comprehensive intervention programs for early child growth should be promoted in rural areas.
Journal Article
Game plan : a proven approach to work, live, and play at the highest level possible--for as long as possible
Mike Mancias has spent two decades developing and refining a winning blueprint for athletic excellence. He's worked with countless professional athletes, sports franchises, and the US Olympic Program. And his methods have propelled the rise of LeBron James, arguably the best-trained athlete in the world, and the gold standard for elite longevity. In Game Plan, he shares those secrets with the rest of us. Over the course of three parts--the first focused on nutrition (\"Eat with performance first and foremost in your mind\"), the second on physical training (\"We find the best ways to keep the body in constant motion\"), and the third on recovery (\"Recovery doesn't start after performance but during performance\")--Mancias guides readers on their own journey to tiptop performance. Revelations include the precise time to eat before an athletic pursuit, the hidden pitfalls of stretching, the right temperature for sleeping, therapeutic breathing techniques to turn off stress, and why naps are not just for babies. Throughout, Mancias makes the case that excellence must begin with the mind before it can manifest in the body--and shows you how to cultivate it. Game Plan offers an actionable, holistic, and comprehensive roadmap to peak performance.
Book
0318 Prospective Association of Actigraphy-Assessed Sleep with Physical Growth in the First 6 Months of Life
Abstract
Introduction
Suboptimal sleep is associated with weight gain and related chronic diseases in adults, adolescents, and older children. However, little is known regarding the associations between sleep and physical growth in infants. We investigated prospectively the associations between objectively-measured sleep patterns at 1 month and physical growth in the first 6 months of life.
Methods
We studied 344 full term infants in the ongoing longitudinal Rise & SHINE (Sleep Health in Infancy & Early Childhood) birth cohort study. At 1 month, infants underwent 7-day ankle actigraphy, estimating average sleep duration (24-hour, nighttime, and daytime) and sleep fragmentation (number of nighttime awakenings). Weight and length were measured at birth and 6 months and used to calculate weight-for-length z (WFL-z) scores. We used linear and logistic regression analyses to examine the associations between sleep patterns at 1 month with WLF-z at 6 months and rapid weight gain from birth to 6 months, defined as an increase in WFL-z greater than or equal to 0.67, controlling for covariates.
Results
Each 1-hour increase in 24-hour sleep duration was associated with a 0.07-unit (95% CI [0.01, 0.12]) increase in WFL-z at 6 months. Daytime, but not nighttime, sleep duration was positively associated with WFL-z. Greater number of nighttime awakenings was associated with higher WFL-z (beta = 0.28; 95% CI [0.08, 0.49]). 24-hour and nighttime sleep duration were positively associated with a 18.5% (95% CI [1.04, 1.35]) and a 23.4% (95% CI [1.02, 1.49]) higher odds of rapid weight gain from birth to 6 months, respectively.
Conclusion
Longer 24-hour sleep duration was associated with higher 6-month WFL-z and more rapid increases in WFL-z from birth to 6 months. Greater nighttime sleep fragmentation was associated with higher 6-month WFL-z. Sleep at 1 month might provide modifiable targets to help avoid lifetime complications of excess weight.
Support
R01DK107972.
Journal Article
Development of the Sphenoid Sinus in Japanese Children: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study Using Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography
Background: The sphenoid sinus (SS) is located close to vital structures, such as the pituitary gland, and it has significant clinical relevance. This study aimed to clarify the growth pattern of the SS in Japanese children using three-dimensional computed tomography (CT). Methods: Seventy-eight participants with congenital, acquired, or external auditory canal cholesteatoma were recruited and underwent CT more than twice during their treatment. Using the volume-rendered images, the size and volume of the SS were measured. Furthermore, on the scout image, the morphological measurements of the cranial base were determined. Results: The size and volume of the SS increased with age, and peaked at the mean age of 15 years. For males, the volume of the SS was smaller than that of females aged <5 years. The growth rate of the SS was significantly higher in males than in females. The maximum growth rate was detected at the age of 12 years for males and 10 years for females. For females, the increase in the length of the anterior cranial base ceased at approximately 10 years of age and remained constant thereafter. In contrast, for males, the length of the anterior cranial base increased gradually until 15 years of age. Conclusions: Considering the similarity of the periods between the adolescent growth spurt and the maximum growth rate of the SS, changes in the size of the SS may be used as an indicator of the physical growth spurt.
Journal Article
Once-Weekly Somapacitan vs Daily GH in Children With GH Deficiency: Results From a Randomized Phase 2 Trial
Abstract
Context
Daily growth hormone (GH) injections can be burdensome for patients and carers. Somapacitan is a long-acting, reversible albumin-binding GH derivative in development for once-weekly administration in patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD).
Objective
The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of once-weekly somapacitan vs once-daily GH.
Design
REAL 3 is a multicenter, randomized, controlled, double-blind (somapacitan doses), phase 2 study with a 26-week main and 26-week extension phase (NCT02616562).
Setting
This study took place at 29 sites in 11 countries.
Patients
Fifty-nine GH treatment-naive prepubertal children with GHD were randomly assigned; 58 completed the trial.
Interventions
Interventions comprised 3 somapacitan doses (0.04 [n = 16], 0.08 [n = 15], or 0.16 mg/kg/wk [n = 14]) and daily GH (0.034 mg/kg/d [n = 14]), administered subcutaneously.
Main Outcome Measures
The primary end point was height velocity (HV) at week 26. Secondary efficacy end points included HV SD score (SDS) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) SDS.
Results
At week 26, mean (SD) annualized HV for the somapacitan groups was 8.0 (2.0), 10.9 (1.9), and 12.9 (3.5) cm/year, respectively, vs 11.4 (3.3) cm/year for daily GH; estimated treatment difference (somapacitan 0.16 mg/kg/week—daily GH): 1.7 [95% CI –0.2 to 3.6] cm/year. HV was sustained at week 52, and significantly greater with somapacitan 0.16 mg/kg/week vs daily GH. Mean (SD) change from baseline in HV SDS at week 52 was 4.72 (2.79), 6.14 (3.36), and 8.60 (3.15) for the somapacitan groups, respectively, vs 7.41 (4.08) for daily GH. Model-derived mean (SD) IGF-I SDS for the somapacitan groups was −1.62 (0.86), −1.09 (0.78), and 0.31 (1.06), respectively, vs −0.40 (1.50) observed for daily GH. Safety and tolerability were consistent with the profile of daily GH.
Conclusions
In children with GHD, once-weekly somapacitan 0.16 mg/kg/week provided the closest efficacy match with similar safety and tolerability to daily GH after 26 and 52 weeks of treatment. A short visual summary of our work is available (1).
Journal Article
Performance by weaned Katahdin lambs offered diets with and without Actifor® Pro
Using all-natural phytogenics could be an alternative to using growth promotors within animal agriculture; particularly, since consumers are becoming more concerned with the use of these types of products. Our objective was to determine if using Actifor® Pro (PRO) could improve weaned lamb performance. On June 17th, 2019, a total of 60 (18 ± 0.92 kg BW) Katahdin ram lambs were weaned and stratified by BW and allocated randomly to 1 of 10 groups representing 2 treatments: 1) C (no PRO added; n = 5) and 2) PRO (5 g/ hd/d; n = 5). During the 84-d study, lambs were housed in 2.4 x 4.9-meter pens and offered a 16% CP commercial grower diet. All lambs had ad libitum access to feed and water. Prior to the start of the study, all lambs were administered a CD&T vaccine plus drenched with an oral dewormer. Lambs were weighed at the start, d 28, d 56, and at the end of the study. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS with pen(treatment) as the error term. Start, d 28, d 56, final BW, d 56 gain, d 56 ADG, final gain, and final ADG did not differ (P > 0.31) between treatments. However, d 28 gain and d 28 ADG tended (P = 0.07) to be greater from PRO compared with C. Intake and G:F did not differ (P > 0.19) between treatments throughout the study. Therefore, feeding Actifor® Pro may improve gain within the first 28 days after weaning, but those difference may not persist throughout the growing phase. Furthermore, this product may need to be investigated in a creep feed diet.
Journal Article