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On the Origin of Natural Constants
Just as the circle number ? or the Euler constant e determines mathematics, fundamental constants of nature define the scales of the natural sciences. This book presents a new perspective by means of a few axioms and compares the resulting validity with experimental data. By the axiomatic approach Sommerfeld's mysterious fine-structure constant and Dirac's cosmic number are fixed as pure number constants. Thanks to these number constants, it is possible to calculate the value for the anomalous magnetic-moment of the electron in a simple way compared to QED calculations.
With the same number constants it is also possible to calculate masses, partial lifetimes, magnetic-moments or charge radii of fundamental particles. The expressions used for the calculations, with few exceptions, yield values within the experimental error limits of the Particle Data Group. The author shows that the introduced number constants give even better predictions than the complicated QED calculations of today's doctrine.
In the first part only experimental data from the literature for checking the postulates are used. In the second part the author explains electrical transport measurements with emergent behaviour, which were carried out in a professional environment.
eBook
Conjuring the universe : the origins of the laws of nature
The marvellous complexity of the Universe emerges from several deep laws and a handful of fundamental constants that fix its shape, scale, and destiny. There is a deep structure to the world which at the same time is simple, elegant, and beautiful. Where did these laws and these constants come from? And why are the laws so fruitful when written in the language of mathematics? Peter Atkins considers the minimum effort needed to equip the Universe with its laws and its constants. He explores the origin of the conservation of energy, of electromagnetism, of classical and quantum mechanics, and of thermodynamics, showing how all these laws spring from deep symmetries. The revolutionary result is a short but immensely rich weaving together of the fundamental ideas of physics. With his characteristic wit, erudition, and economy, Atkins sketches out how the laws of Nature can spring from very little. Or arguably from nothing at all.
Book
Vanishing Matter and the Laws of Motion
This volume explores the themes of vanishing matter, matter and the laws of nature, the qualities of matter, and the diversity of the debates about matter in the early modern period. Chapters are unified by a number of interlocking themes which together enable some of the broader contours of the philosophy of matter to be charted in new ways. Part I concerns Cartesian Matter; Part II covers Matter, Mechanism and Medicine; Part III covers Matter and the Laws of Motion; and Part IV covers Leibniz and Hume. Bringing together some of the world’s leading scholars of early modern philosophy, as well as some exciting new researchers, Vanishing Matter and the Laws of Motion stakes out new territory that all serious scholars of early modern philosophy and science will want to traverse.
Introduction I. Cartesian Matter 1. The Vanishing Nature of Body in Descartes' Natural Philosophy Mihnea Dobre 2. The New Matter Theory and Its Epistemology: Descartes (and late Scholastics) on Hypotheses and Moral Certainty Roger Ariew II. Matter, Mechanism, and Medicine 3. Post-Cartesian Atomism: The Case of Francois Bernier Vlad Alexandrescu 4. The Matter of Medicine: New Medical Matter Theories in Mid-Seventeenth-Century England Peter Anstey 5. Without God: Gravity as a Relational Quality of Matter in Newton's Treatise Eric Schliesser III. Matter and the Laws of Motion 6. The Cartesians of the Royal Society: The Debate Over the Nature of collisions (1668-1671) Dana Jalobeanu 7. On Composite Systems: Descartes, Newton, and the Law-Constitutive Approach Katherine Brading 8. Huygens, Wren, Wallis, and Newton on Rules of Impact and Reflection Jemma Murray, William Harper, and Curtis Wilson IV. Leibniz and Hume 9. Leibniz, Body and Monads Daniel Garber 10. Leibniz on Void and Matter Sorin Costreie 11. Hume on the Distinction Between Primary and Secondary Qualities Jani Hakkarainen
Dana Jalobeanu is Lecturer in Philosophy and program director at the research center Foundations of Early Modernity at the University of Bucharest. Her current research focuses on the emergence of early modern experimental philosophy, with a special interest in the writings of Francis Bacon and their reception. She is the author of The Invention of Modernity: Natural Philosophy and Theology in the Seventeenth Century (in Romanian), Cluj: Napoca Star, 2006.
Peter R. Anstey is the inaugural Professor of Early Modern Philosophy in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Otago. His research focuses on early modern philosophy with special reference to the writings of John Locke and Robert Boyle. He is the author of The Philosophy of Robert Boyle , London: Routledge, 2000.
eBook
Archimedes to Hawking
This marvelous volume takes the reader on a journey across the centuries as it explores eponymous physical laws--from Archimedes' Law of Buoyancy and Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion to Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle and Hubble's Law of Cosmic Expansion--whose ramifications have profoundly altered our everyday lives and our understanding of the universe.
eBook
Gases and their properties
Learn about gases, what they are, the people responsible for helping us understand them, and how they affect us in the world today.
Book
Vanishing matter and the laws of nature: Descartes and beyond
This volume explores the themes of vanishing matter, matter and the laws of nature, the qualities of matter, and the diversity of the debates about matter in the early modern period. Chapters are unified by a number of interlocking themes which together enable some of the broader contours of the philosophy of matter to be charted in new ways. Part I concerns Cartesian Matter; Part II covers Matter, Mechanism and Medicine; Part III covers Matter and the Laws of Motion; and Part IV covers Leibniz and Hume. Bringing together some of the world's leading scholars of early modern philosophy, as well as some exciting new researchers, Vanishing Matter and the Laws of Motion stakes out new territory that all serious scholars of early modern philosophy and science will want to traverse.
eBook
Reconstruction of observed mechanical motions with artificial intelligence tools
The goal of this paper is to determine the laws of observed trajectories assuming that there is a mechanical system in the background and using these laws to continue the observed motion in a plausible way. The laws are represented by neural networks with a limited number of parameters. The training of the networks follows the extreme learning machine idea. We determine laws for different levels of embedding, thus we can represent not only the equation of motion but also the symmetries of different kinds. In the recursive numerical evolution of the system, we require the fulfillment of all the observed laws, within the determined numerical precision. In this way, we can successfully reconstruct both integrable and chaotic motions, as we demonstrate in the example of the gravity pendulum and the double pendulum.
Journal Article
Combining Experiments and Simulations Using the Maximum Entropy Principle
A key component of computational biology is to compare the results of computer modelling with experimental measurements. Despite substantial progress in the models and algorithms used in many areas of computational biology, such comparisons sometimes reveal that the computations are not in quantitative agreement with experimental data. The principle of maximum entropy is a general procedure for constructing probability distributions in the light of new data, making it a natural tool in cases when an initial model provides results that are at odds with experiments. The number of maximum entropy applications in our field has grown steadily in recent years, in areas as diverse as sequence analysis, structural modelling, and neurobiology. In this Perspectives article, we give a broad introduction to the method, in an attempt to encourage its further adoption. The general procedure is explained in the context of a simple example, after which we proceed with a real-world application in the field of molecular simulations, where the maximum entropy procedure has recently provided new insight. Given the limited accuracy of force fields, macromolecular simulations sometimes produce results that are at not in complete and quantitative accordance with experiments. A common solution to this problem is to explicitly ensure agreement between the two by perturbing the potential energy function towards the experimental data. So far, a general consensus for how such perturbations should be implemented has been lacking. Three very recent papers have explored this problem using the maximum entropy approach, providing both new theoretical and practical insights to the problem. We highlight each of these contributions in turn and conclude with a discussion on remaining challenges.
Journal Article