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The Na + ,Rb + ||Cl – ,I – , four-component reciprocal system is studied, whose low-melting compositions are promising for the development of electrolytes for chemical current sources and heat-storage materials. The system is partitioned into stable simplices using graph theory, and a phase tree of the system is constructed to include three stable tetrahedra connected to one another by two stable triangles. Phase equilibria in the NaCl–Na 2 CrO 4 –RbI stable triangle are studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). As a result of these studies, the melting point and the contents of components in the three-component eutectic are determined: E 430°C, 20% NaCl, 48% Na 2 CrO 4 , 32% RbI (equiv.). The compositions of the phases crystallizing in the eutectic are verified by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD).

Mead is described as a traditional alcoholic drink produced by fermentation from a solution of honey and water. It has been produced as a refreshing drink. However, in the past, it was more expensive than wine, which led to a decrease in demand. Due to the simple method of production, the mead industry is growing again. The quality and physicochemical properties of mead depend on the type of honey used. The goal of this study is to produce mead from two kinds of honey of different floral origins, chestnut and sunflower, in order to determine the differences using sensory and physicochemical analyses. The fermentation process was monitored until the extract values were consecutively the same. The results obtained in this research indicate that chestnut honey mead took a longer time to ferment, 2 months, while sunflower honey mead took 1.5 months to ferment. The alcohol content in chestnut honey mead was 7.2% v/v, and sunflower honey mead contained 8.6% v/v. Sensory-wise, the chestnut mead was more acceptable to consumers due to a more pronounced color and thus received a one-point higher score (15) than sunflower honey mead (14).

The process of tanning bovine leather produces several types of waste that, due to their high organic load, can deplete the dissolved oxygen in watercourses. The scope of this study is the investigation of the shallow subsurface by geophysical methods of electrical resistivity (ER) and induced polarization (IP) and physicochemical analyses of water samples in an area in southern Brazil in which a tannery industry is located. The main element used in this sector is chromium (Cr), and the concentration and mobility of this element are related to its speciation. To obtain the geophysical data, 12 resistivity survey lines were performed in a dipole–dipole array (AB = MN = 10 m) at six investigation levels (≅ 15 m deep). The geophysical results were represented in two- and three-dimensional models that characterized the contaminant plume by low resistivities (< 50 Ω m) that coincide predominantly with low chargeabilities (< 3 mV/V) in contrast to elevated indices (> 50 Ω m and > 3 mV/V), which were interpreted as regoliths and underlying uncontaminated sandstones. The models made it possible to estimate the dimensions of the contaminant plume (50 × 60 m and 7 m deep) and to determine that its flow direction was preferentially downstream. Some of the analyzed physicochemical parameters, such as chromium, iron, and ammoniacal nitrogen concentrations; biochemical and chemical oxygen demand; and conductivity (σ), exceeded the maximum values or concentrations recommended by Brazilian references. The occurrence of hexavalent chromium seems to be associated with slightly acidic and oxidizing environments. The results suggest that the contaminated area is restricted to the area near the pollution source. Studies using this approach could contribute to environmental management.

Understanding the factors that influence the airborne survival of viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in aerosols is important for identifying routes of transmission and the value of various mitigation strategies for preventing transmission. We present measurements of the stability of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosol droplets (∼5 to 10 μm equilibrated radius) over timescales spanning 5 s to 20 min using an instrument to probe survival in a small population of droplets (typically 5 to 10) containing ∼1 virus/droplet. Measurements of airborne infectivity change are coupled with a detailed physicochemical analysis of the airborne droplets containing the virus. A decrease in infectivity to ∼10% of the starting value was observable for SARS-CoV-2 over 20 min, with a large proportion of the loss occurring within the first 5 min after aerosolization. The initial rate of infectivity loss was found to correlate with physical transformation of the equilibrating droplet; salts within the droplets crystallize at relative humidities (RHs) below 50%, leading to a near-instant loss of infectivity in 50 to 60% of the virus. However, at 90% RH, the droplet remains homogenous and aqueous, and the viral stability is sustained for the first 2 min, beyond which it decays to only 10% remaining infectious after 10 min. The loss of infectivity at high RH is consistent with an elevation in the pH of the droplets, caused by volatilization of CO₂ from bicarbonate buffer within the droplet. Four different variants of SARS-CoV-2 were compared and found to have a similar degree of airborne stability at both high and low RH.

O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da adição do bagaço de malte de cevada nas características de linguiças frescais de carne suína ao longo de 10 dias de armazenamento. Foram elaboradas quatro formulações de linguiça frescal, uma delas sem adição de bagaço de malte (formulação controle) e outras três com 3%, 6% e 9% do bagaço. As linguiças foram submetidas às análises físico-químicas para determinação dos teores de cinzas, umidade, proteínas, lipídeos, carboidratos, fibra bruta, atividade de água, pH, índice de peróxidos e valor energético. Também foram realizadas análises tecnológicas de textura e cor e avaliação sensorial. A linguiça com 3% de bagaço de malte apresentou no 10° dia de armazenamento teor proteico de 17,10% e teor de fibra bruta de 2,00%, enquanto na formulação controle esses teores foram de 16,59% e 0,77%, respectivamente, apresentando diferença significativa (p ≤ 0,05) entre as amostras, o que representa um aumento no valor nutricional do produto. Na análise de dureza, a formulação controle apresentou o valor de 13,99 N, e a formulação com 3% de bagaço, valor de 10,11 N, demonstrando que as linguiças com adição do bagaço ficaram menos rígidas. Na análise sensorial, a formulação controle apresentou cerca de 80% de aceitabilidade em todos os atributos; a linguiça com 3% de bagaço de malte atingiu índice de aceitação global superior a 80%; a linguiça com 6% de bagaço obteve índice de aproximadamente 70%; e a formulação com 9% apresentou índice de aceitação global de aproximadamente 64%. A adição de 3% de bagaço de malte na linguiça se mostrou a melhor alternativa, pois, além de proporcionar um aumento no valor nutricional do produto, apresentou uma boa aceitabilidade por parte dos consumidores. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo demonstram que o aproveitamento do bagaço de malte em produtos cárneos é uma alternativa viável, que contribui para a redução dos custos de produção e auxilia na solução de um problema ambiental.

The sensitivity of rice to low-temperature stress (LTS), especially at the reproductive stage, is a primary factor of rice yield fluctuation in cold cultivate region. Here, the changes of reactive oxygen species (ROS), osmotic adjustment substances, and antioxidants in different tissues were analyzed during rice growing under low temperatures (LT) at the reproductive stage. Results showed that LTS increases the levels of proline (Pro), soluble protein (SP), glutathione (GSH), superoxidase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in LJ25 (LTS-resistant) and LJ11 (LTS-sensitive). The activities of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were significantly increased in LJ25 but decreased in LJ11 under LTS, while an opposite trend in ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) was observed in both varieties. Moreover, most physicochemical properties were higher in flag leaves and panicles compared with those in leaf sheaths. The expression patterns of OsCOIN , OsCATC , OsMAP1 , OsPOX1 , and OsAPX were the same with phenotypic changes in Pro and the enzymes encoded by them, confirming the accuracy of the physicochemical analysis. Therefore, only CAT and POD increased more in LJ25, suggesting they could be the key factors used for LT-tolerant breeding of rice in cold regions.

This study investigated the feasibility of employing neat chitosan powder, polyacrylamide, and chitosan micro-beads as adsorbents for the rapid and efficient removal of Direct Blue 78 dye from textile industrial wastewater. A series of batch experiments were conducted to examine the impact of adsorbent dose, contact time, and pH on the adsorption process. The physicochemical analysis, including FTIR, zeta potential analysis, and SEM were performed to identify the adsorption mechanism of chitosan powder and micro-beads. It was found that increasing the powder chitosan dose to 4.5 g/L and contact time up to 40 min resulted in achieving a significant increase in dye removal efficiency up to 94%. The highest removal efficiency of 94.2% was achieved at an initial dye concentration of 50 mg/L, a chitosan dosage of 4.5 g/L, and an optimized contact time of 60 min. Utilizing a polyacrylamide gel dose of 45 mL/L reduced the sedimentation time of chitosan from 8 h to 5 min. Equilibrium studies showed an initial L-shaped equilibrium curve, indicating that the adsorption process primarily arises from electrostatic interactions between dye molecules and adsorbent particles (physical forces). The Langmuir isothermal model demonstrated the best fit to the equilibrium data. Combining chitosan powder with polyacrylamide gel emerges as an economically viable choice for dye removal in industrial wastewater effluents, offering a cost-effective alternative to pricey commercial adsorbents. The results of the study revealed that the presence of polyacrylamide dye enhanced the removal efficiency and settling time of DB78 dye using chitosan.

The objective of this work was to physiochemically characterize and quantify the content of phenols, caffeine, and antioxidant activity in beans from samples of roasted and ground specialty coffee, associated with the production systems of the Corregimiento Cay in Ibagué.  (5) samples of roasted and ground coffee, which were related as specialty coffee types: Blend (2), Castillo (2), and Tabi (1). The physicochemical parameters evaluated were color (CIElab), electrical conductivity, solids, fixed and volatile solids, soluble solids, hydrogen potential (pH), moisture, water activity, acidity and equivalent acidity (3-caffeoylquinic), reducing and non-reducing sugars, ether extract, phenols flavonoids, and reducing power (FRAP). The results of the characterizations showed 2.54±0.33%, for soluble solids, water activity 0.241 to 0.280, and reducing sugars 1.10 to 1.85%. CIELab color (L: 20.8 ± 0.50 to 22.3 ± 0.20; a*: 3.15 ± 0.35 to 4.65 ± 0.91; b*: 9.40 ± 0.28 to 9.40 ± 0.28), pH  4.79 to 5.54, chlorogenic acid equivalents  8.66 ± 1.10 and 10.5 ±1.60 mg/kg, caffeine 246.9± 9.62 mg per 100 g, being higher in the Blend and Tabi type samples and the phenols and flavonoids with values of 258.2± 41.7 (mg E. gallic A. per 100) and 258.2 ± 41.7 (mg E. quercetin per 100 g) respectively. Electrical conductivity and total inorganic conductive solids showed a positive correlation in the varieties studied. Final FRAP test (μM/g) 696.3± 13.1. Multivariate analysis and correlation between parameters are proposed as an analytical model for the characterization of coffee matrices and show the quality and variability of the samples associated with the regions.    

Snake fruit is a non-climacteric fruit including many types throughout Indonesia. Diverse cultivars exert varying influences on consumer decisions. A hedonic test was conducted to ascertain consumer preferences. This study aimed to identify the most preferred snake fruit cultivars among consumers from three primary types: ‘Pondoh’, ‘Madu’, and ‘Gading’. The research consisted two phases: physicochemical analysis and hedonic assessments. The hedonic assessment was conducted through the general Labelled Magnitude Scale (gLMS). Among the three cultivars, Madu exhibited the highest TSS/TA ratio (36.20), followed by Pondoh (33.90), while Gading had the lowest (20.53). In terms of overall liking, Pondoh scored highest on the H-gLMS scale (40.1 ± 18.7 units), slightly surpassing Madu (39.2 ± 17.5 units), whereas Gading scored substantially lower (5.3 ± 10.4 units). In the hedonic test, the ‘Pondoh’ cultivar of snake fruit was the most favoured by consumers. The coefficient of determination analysis revealed that sweetness predominantly influenced consumer preferences more than other attributes.