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The warped side of our universe
\"For decades, Kip Thorne has been consumed by a desire to better understand our universe's \"Warped Side.\" Using an untold number of computer simulations and mathematical equations, and with a thousand-person fleet of scientists and engineers, Thorne has relentlessly pursued his quest, inventing and constructing, in the process, LIGO, the world's largest gravitational wave observatory, to mediate our first encounters with the Warped Side. Thirteen years in the making, The Warped Side of Our Universe marks the extraordinary collaboration of the Nobel Prize-winning physicist and award-winning painter Lia Halloran, and explores the very concepts that first set Thorne to task. Through verse and poetry, the authors address the oldest questions known to man: How did our universe begin? Can anything travel backward in time? How does the Warped Side impact the material side, the side that we humans see and feel? Featuring rich illustrations of stars-giant and dwarf, red and blue-and galaxies-large and small, diffuse and spiraled-and even a soaring Stephen Hawking anchored to his wheelchair, this stunning volume carries us into and through the dark side of the universe\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Electron and photon energy calibration with the ATLAS detector using LHC Run 1 data
This paper presents the electron and photon energy calibration achieved with the ATLAS detector using about 25 fb
-
1
of LHC proton–proton collision data taken at centre-of-mass energies of
s
=
7
and 8 TeV. The reconstruction of electron and photon energies is optimised using multivariate algorithms. The response of the calorimeter layers is equalised in data and simulation, and the longitudinal profile of the electromagnetic showers is exploited to estimate the passive material in front of the calorimeter and reoptimise the detector simulation. After all corrections, the
Z
resonance is used to set the absolute energy scale. For electrons from
Z
decays, the achieved calibration is typically accurate to 0.05 % in most of the detector acceptance, rising to 0.2 % in regions with large amounts of passive material. The remaining inaccuracy is less than 0.2–1 % for electrons with a transverse energy of 10 GeV, and is on average 0.3 % for photons. The detector resolution is determined with a relative inaccuracy of less than 10 % for electrons and photons up to 60 GeV transverse energy, rising to 40 % for transverse energies above 500 GeV.
Journal Article
Measurement of the muon reconstruction performance of the ATLAS detector using 2011 and 2012 LHC proton-proton collision data
This paper presents the performance of the ATLAS muon reconstruction during the LHC run with
p
p
collisions at
s
=
7
–8 TeV in 2011–2012, focusing mainly on data collected in 2012. Measurements of the reconstruction efficiency and of the momentum scale and resolution, based on large reference samples of
J
/
ψ
→
μ
μ
,
Z
→
μ
μ
and
Υ
→
μ
μ
decays, are presented and compared to Monte Carlo simulations. Corrections to the simulation, to be used in physics analysis, are provided. Over most of the covered phase space (muon
|
η
|
<
2.7
and
5
≲
p
T
≲
100
GeV) the efficiency is above
99
%
and is measured with per-mille precision. The momentum resolution ranges from
1.7
%
at central rapidity and for transverse momentum
p
T
≃
10
GeV, to
4
%
at large rapidity and
p
T
≃
100
GeV. The momentum scale is known with an uncertainty of
0.05
%
to
0.2
%
depending on rapidity. A method for the recovery of final state radiation from the muons is also presented.
Journal Article
Constraints on the off-shell Higgs boson signal strength in the high-mass ZZ and WW final states with the ATLAS detector
Measurements of the
ZZ
and
WW
final states in the mass range above the
2
m
Z
and
2
m
W
thresholds provide a unique opportunity to measure the off-shell coupling strength of the Higgs boson. This paper presents constraints on the off-shell Higgs boson event yields normalised to the Standard Model prediction (signal strength) in the
Z
Z
→
4
ℓ
,
Z
Z
→
2
ℓ
2
ν
and
W
W
→
e
ν
μ
ν
final states. The result is based on
pp
collision data collected by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb
-
1
at a collision energy of
s
=
8
TeV. Using the
C
L
s
method, the observed 95
%
confidence level (CL) upper limit on the off-shell signal strength is in the range 5.1–8.6, with an expected range of 6.7–11.0. In each case the range is determined by varying the unknown
g
g
→
Z
Z
and
g
g
→
W
W
background K-factor from higher-order quantum chromodynamics corrections between half and twice the value of the known signal K-factor. Assuming the relevant Higgs boson couplings are independent of the energy scale of the Higgs boson production, a combination with the on-shell measurements yields an observed (expected) 95
%
CL upper limit on
Γ
H
/
Γ
H
SM
in the range 4.5–7.5 (6.5–11.2) using the same variations of the background K-factor. Assuming that the unknown
g
g
→
V
V
background K-factor is equal to the signal K-factor, this translates into an observed (expected) 95
%
CL upper limit on the Higgs boson total width of 22.7 (33.0) MeV.
Journal Article
Black hole war : my battle with Stephen Hawking to make the world safe for quantum mechanics
A mind-bending book about modern physics, quantum mechanics, the fate of stars and the deep mysteries of black holes. What happens when something is sucked into a black hole? Does it disappear? Three decades ago, a young physicist named Stephen Hawking claimed it did--and in doing so put at risk everything we know about physics and the fundamental laws of the universe. Most scientists didn't recognize the import of Hawking's claims, but Leonard Susskind and Gerard t'Hooft realized the threat, and responded with a counterattack that changed the course of physics. This is the story of their united effort to reconcile Hawking's revolutionary theories with their own sense of reality--effort that would eventually result in Hawking admitting he was wrong, paying up, and Susskind and t'Hooft realizing that our world is a hologram projected from the outer boundaries of space.--From publisher description.
Book
The future of Blue Carbon science
The term Blue Carbon (BC) was first coined a decade ago to describe the disproportionately large contribution of coastal vegetated ecosystems to global carbon sequestration. The role of BC in climate change mitigation and adaptation has now reached international prominence. To help prioritise future research, we assembled leading experts in the field to agree upon the top-ten pending questions in BC science. Understanding how climate change affects carbon accumulation in mature BC ecosystems and during their restoration was a high priority. Controversial questions included the role of carbonate and macroalgae in BC cycling, and the degree to which greenhouse gases are released following disturbance of BC ecosystems. Scientists seek improved precision of the extent of BC ecosystems; techniques to determine BC provenance; understanding of the factors that influence sequestration in BC ecosystems, with the corresponding value of BC; and the management actions that are effective in enhancing this value. Overall this overview provides a comprehensive road map for the coming decades on future research in BC science.
The role of Blue Carbon in climate change mitigation and adaptation has now reached international prominence. Here the authors identified the top-ten unresolved questions in the field and find that most questions relate to the precise role blue carbon can play in mitigating climate change and the most effective management actions in maximising this.
Journal Article
Sciencia : mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and astronomy for all
\"From the structure of the cosmos to that of the human body, the discoveries of science over the past few hundred years have been remarkable. Sciencia spans the realms of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and astronomy, offering an invaluable introduction to each. Curious about quarks, quasars, and the fantastic universe around you? Ever wanted to explore a mathematical proof? Need an introduction to biochemistry? Beautifully illustrated with engravings, woodcuts, and original drawings and diagrams, Sciencia will inspire inquisitive readers of all ages to appreciate the interconnected knowledge of the modern sciences\"--Page 4 of cover.
Book
Electron acceleration by wave turbulence in a magnetized plasma
Astrophysical shocks are commonly revealed by the non-thermal emission of energetic electrons accelerated in situ1–3. Strong shocks are expected to accelerate particles to very high energies4–6; however, they require a source of particles with velocities fast enough to permit multiple shock crossings. While the resulting diffusive shock acceleration4 process can account for observations, the kinetic physics regulating the continuous injection of non-thermal particles is not well understood. Indeed, this injection problem is particularly acute for electrons, which rely on high-frequency plasma fluctuations to raise them above the thermal pool7,8. Here we show, using laboratory laser-produced shock experiments, that, in the presence of a strong magnetic field, significant electron pre-heating is achieved. We demonstrate that the key mechanism in producing these energetic electrons is through the generation of lower-hybrid turbulence via shock-reflected ions. Our experimental results are analogous to many astrophysical systems, including the interaction of a comet with the solar wind9, a setting where electron acceleration via lower-hybrid waves is possible.
Journal Article