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"Physiological optics."
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The optics of life : a biologist's guide to light in nature
\"Optics--a field of physics focusing on the study of light--is also central to many areas of biology, including vision, ecology, botany, animal behavior, neurobiology, and molecular biology. The Optics of Life introduces the fundamentals of optics to biologists and nonphysicists, giving them the tools they need to successfully incorporate optical measurements and principles into their research. S©œnke Johnsen starts with the basics, describing the properties of light and the units and geometry of measurement. He then explores how light is created and propagates and how it interacts with matter, covering topics such as absorption, scattering, fluorescence, and polarization. Johnsen also provides a tutorial on how to measure light as well as an informative discussion of quantum mechanics. The Optics of Life features a host of examples drawn from nature and everyday life, and several appendixes that offer further practical guidance for researchers. This concise book uses a minimum of equations and jargon, explaining the basic physics of light in a succinct and lively manner. It is the essential primer for working biologists and for anyone seeking an accessible introduction to optics\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
The optics of life
Optics--a field of physics focusing on the study of light--is also central to many areas of biology, including vision, ecology, botany, animal behavior, neurobiology, and molecular biology. The Optics of Life introduces the fundamentals of optics to biologists and nonphysicists, giving them the tools they need to successfully incorporate optical measurements and principles into their research. Sönke Johnsen starts with the basics, describing the properties of light and the units and geometry of measurement. He then explores how light is created and propagates and how it interacts with matter, covering topics such as absorption, scattering, fluorescence, and polarization. Johnsen also provides a tutorial on how to measure light as well as an informative discussion of quantum mechanics.
eBook
Ibn al-Haytham : the man who discovered how we see
Celebrated in a film featuring Omar Sharif in his final role, meet the scientist known as the \"Father of Optics,\" Ibn al-Haytham! During the golden age of science, knowledge, and invention in Muslim civilization -- also known as the \"Dark Ages\" in Western Europe -- this incredible scholar discovered how we see and set the stage for the methods we now know as the scientific process.
Book
A guide to the optogenetic regulation of endogenous molecules
Genetically encoded tools for the regulation of endogenous molecules (RNA, DNA elements and protein) are needed to study and control biological processes with minimal interference caused by protein overexpression and overactivation of signaling pathways. Here we focus on light-controlled optogenetic tools (OTs) that allow spatiotemporally precise regulation of gene expression and protein function. To control endogenous molecules, OTs combine light-sensing modules from natural photoreceptors with specific protein or nucleic acid binders. We discuss OT designs and group OTs according to the principles of their regulation. We outline characteristics of OT performance, discuss considerations for their use in vivo and review available OTs and their applications in cells and in vivo. Finally, we provide a brief outlook on the development of OTs.This Review discusses optogenetic tools for manipulating endogenous targets such as genes and signaling pathways in a physiological range.
Journal Article
Testing the role of spontaneous activity in visuospatial perception with patterned optogenetics
A major debate in the field of consciousness pertains to whether neuronal activity or rather the causal structure of neural circuits underlie the generation of conscious experience. The former position is held by theoretical accounts of consciousness based on the predictive processing framework (such as neurorepresentationalism and active inference), while the latter is posited by the integrated information theory. This protocol describes an experiment, part of a larger adversarial collaboration, that was designed to address this question through a combination of behavioral tests in mice, functional imaging, patterned optogenetics and electrophysiology. The experiment will directly test if optogenetic inactivation of a portion of the visual cortex not responding to behaviorally relevant stimuli will affect the perception of the spatial distribution of these stimuli, even when the neurons being inactivated display no or very low spiking activity, so low that it does not induce a significant effect on other cortical areas. The results of the experiment will be compared against theoretical predictions, and will provide a major contribution towards understanding what the neuronal substrate of consciousness is.
Journal Article
The First Step in Vision: Femtosecond Isomerization of Rhodopsin
The kinetics of the primary event in vision have been resolved with the use of femtosecond optical measurement techniques. The 11-cis retinal prosthetic group of rhodopsin is excited with a 35-femtosecond pump pulse at 500 nanometers, and the transient changes in absorption are measured between 450 and 580 nanometers with a 10-femtosecond probe pulse. Within 200 femtoseconds, an increased absorption is observed between 540 and 580 nanometers, indicating the formation of photoproduct on this time scale. These measurements demonstrate that the first step in vision, the 11-cis→11-trans torsional isomerization of the rhodopsin chromophore, is essentially complete in only 200 femtoseconds.
Journal Article
Clinical Optics Primer for Ophthalmic Medical Personnel
Are you looking for an all-inclusive, comprehensive resource on clinical optics? Look no further than the
Clinical Optics Primer for Ophthalmic Medical Personnel: A Guide to Laws, Formulae, Calculations, and Clinical Applications
, a new text that presents complex clinical optics in a simple and easy-to-read manner. As ophthalmic medical personnel struggle today between multiple resources for clinical optics, this text offers a solution as it provides everything you need to know - all in one place.
Aaron V. Shukla, PhD, COMT has designed
Clinical Optics Primer for Ophthalmic Medical Personnel
to include everyday examples that may be directly applied to clinical work. Each chapter throughout the text explains one optics concept in a concise account and includes applicable illustrations, formulae, laws, calculations, and review questions. Numerous examples of clinical applications are also included that address problems presented by patients in eye clinics.
Some important laws of optics and their clinical applications covered:
Lasers, polarization interference, and fluorescence
Snell's law
Total internal reflection
Some important formulae in optics and their clinical applications covered:
Vergence equation
Power of prisms
Optical system of the eye
Accommodation and age
Refractive errors
Prentice's Rule, decentration and induced prism
Glasses and contact lenses
With the most up-to-date information for clinical optics, and two chapters solely devoted to the metric system and basic optical mathematics,
Clinical Optics Primer for Ophthalmic Medical Personnel: A Guide to Laws, Formulae, Calculations, and Clinical Applications
is essential for all ophthalmic assistants, technicians, and technologists, as well as optometrists and ophthalmology residents.
eBook
Feedback Connections to the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus and Cortical Response Properties
The cerebral cortex receives sensory input from the periphery by means of thalamic relay nuclei, but the flow of information goes both ways. Each cortical area sends a reciprocal projection back to the thalamus. In the visual system, the synaptic relations that govern the influence of thalamic afferents on orientation selectivity in the cortex have been studied extensively. It now appears that the connectivity of the corticofugal feedback pathway is also fundamentally linked to the orientation preference of the cortical cells involved.
Journal Article
Last-Minute Optics
The popular optics review manual, Last-Minute Optics: A Concise Review of Optics, Refraction, and Contact Lenses, has been revised and updated into a Second Edition. This unique resource boils down the overwhelming subject matter of clinical optics and refraction, helping the ophthalmologist cover the essentials in a single review manual. The content is based upon the practical experience of two clinically active experts who lecture on ophthalmic optics around the world.
This updated Second Edition by Drs. David G. Hunter and Constance E. West includes new questions added to selected chapters and a new chapter covering refractive surgery, as well as a key chapter that helps you evaluate patients with symptoms related directly to optical or refractive concerns. The complex concepts of optics are revealed in easy-to-understand explanations enhanced by simple illustrations.
Last-Minute Optics, Second Edition allows you to test your knowledge while increasing your understanding of optics. Designed in a clear, concise, question-and-answer format, this book allows for self-assessment and a chance to test your understanding before you read the answer.
Features of the Second Edition:
Written in a light and approachable style to make optics accessible and understandable
Unique question-and-answer format allows for self-assessment while studying to identify areas where more work is needed
Perfect for limited study time
Includes real-life examples that are clinically relevant
Numerous practical tips to help enhance clinical practice
Includes 223 questions and answers
Whether you're an ophthalmologist, ophthalmic technician, resident, or student, reviewing the optics facts and concepts is easier with Last-Minute Optics: A Concise Review of Optics, Refraction, and Contact Lenses, Second Edition.
eBook
Repeatability of a Combined Adaptive Optics Visual Simulator and Hartman-Shack Aberrometer in Pseudophakic Eyes With and Without Previous Corneal Refractive Surgery
Purpose:
To evaluate the intrasession repeatability of wavefront aberrations obtained by a combined adaptive optics visual simulator and Hartman-Shack aberrometer in pseudophakic eyes with and without previous corneal refractive surgery.
Methods:
Three consecutive measurements were performed in one eye of each individual. Total ocular aberrations were recorded up to the 5th Zernike order for a 4.5-mm pupil. Repeatability was assessed by calculating the within-subject standard deviation (Sw), the repeatability limit (R), and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Vector analysis was performed to assess astigmatism variability between scans.
Results:
The study enrolled 32 normal individuals and 24 individuals with a history of refractive surgery. In normal and eyes that had previous refractive surgery, respectively, the Sw values were 0.155 and 0.176 diopters (D) for sphere and 0.184 and 0.265 D for cylinder. The Sw values for all 3rd order terms ranged from 0.037 to 0.047 µm in normal eyes and 0.044 to 0.063 µm in eyes that had previous refractive surgery. The Sw for primary spherical aberration was 0.020 µm in normal eyes and 0.026 µm in eyes that had previous refractive surgery. ICC values for measurements of astigmatism yielded larger variability (ICC = 0.751 and 0.879). However, both groups demonstrated excellent repeatability (ICC > 0.9) for root mean square higher order aberrations (RMS-HOA) and total RMS values.
Conclusions:
In pseudophakic eyes, the adaptive optics Hartmann-Shack device demonstrated acceptable repeatability for measurement of sphere and 3rd and 4th order HOAs with higher variability for astigmatism measurements, especially in eyes with a prior history of corneal refractive surgery.
[J Refract Surg. 2024;40(9):e645–e653.]
Journal Article