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MÖ 2. binyıl Anadolu’sunda Hititlerin hayatı yorumlama şeklini ve basit ögelere yüklediği derin manaları anlayabilmek için en önemli kaynak, Hititçe çivi yazılı belgelerdir. Bu belgelerde UR.MAH ideogramıyla okunan aslan, büyü ritüel metinlerinden kehanet metinlerine, yapı ritüelinden siyasi metinlere kadar birbirinden bağımsız ve farklı belge türlerinde kaydedilmiştir. Ancak aslana yönelik olumlu ya da olumsuz bir tanımlama, Hitit düşünce dünyasındaki sembolik anlamlarına dair bir açıklama bu kaynaklarda mevcut değildir. Bu sebeple aslana yönelik benzetme ve benzeşimlerin, hangi durumlarda, nasıl, ne amaçla ve hangi yönüyle yapıldığını ortaya çıkarmak amaçlanmıştır. Öncelikle Hititçe çivi yazılı arşivde, Sümerce bir ideogram olan “UR.MAH” aslan kelimesi taranmış olup, aslanın benzetme ve benzeşim ögesi olduğu metinler tespit edilmiştir. Tespit edilen bu metinlerin transkripsiyon ve tercümeleri ele alınarak, metin konularına göre tasniflenmiştir. Farklı belge türlerine yayılmış olduğu tespit edilen aslan benzetme ve benzeşimlerinin, bir bitkinin renginden, bir hayvanın davranışına, kusurlu bir yeni doğan bebeğin uzuvlarından, alt edilmesi kolay olmayan zorluklara kadar birbirinden bağımsız durumlarda kullanıldığı görülmüştür. Aslan benzetmeleri tek bir alana özgü kalmamış, soyut durumdan somut duruma, olumlu yönden olumsuz yöne pek çok farklı açıdan kullanılmıştır. Şimdiye kadar yapılan araştırmalarda aslan, bu bakış açısıyla ele alınmamıştır. Bu sebeple çalışmamızın, aslanın Hitit toplum algısında nereye konumlandırıldığına ve aslanın sembolik anlamına dair katkı sunacağı inancındayız.

The current study aims to discuss and analyze the various indications and references to the vessel wh3.t, which attested in two different etymological senses as a name of the oasis in general and a type of cauldrons which was used for different purposes, such as a torture vessel for burning the damned people in the religious contexts, including the Coffin Texts, the Book of the Amduat, the Book of the Caverns, and the Book of the Dead, in addition to its daily life uses for cooking offerings shown in the offering lists, especially on the tombs of the Old Kingdom, and it use as measuring bulks. The paper also includes an analysis of the root of the word wh3.t. It presents a discussion about the name of the vessel and its significance. Furthermore, the study explores the vessel's association with the other vessels attested in the same religious contexts, such asch, ktw.t, dfi, tnm,cnd hri.t.

Background:Appropriate communication towards patients using driving impairing medicines about risk on fitness to drive can be supported by the use of pictograms. To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of various pictograms and warnings (e.g. a French, a Dutch and a newly developed EU rating model) in communicating risk, several experiments were conducted.Methods:Structured interviews (experiment 1) and written questionnaires (experiment 2) were used respectively among drivers (n = 270) visiting one out of four community pharmacies in Groningen (n = 4) and patients who were drivers (n = 298) and starting a new treatment with a driving impairing medicine visiting community pharmacies (n = 38) in the Netherlands, to compare various pictograms and warnings.Results:Compared to general warnings and pictograms, the EU rating model allowed patients to better understand the potential risk estimate when using impairing medicines. Addition of a side-text to the rating model resulted in a significantly higher estimated level of driving risk and a significant increase in intention to change driving behaviour. Age was the strongest predictor influencing participants’ preference for pictograms to express a warning message and levels of impairment.Conclusions:Implementation of the rating model in clinical practice should be considered, but factors such as age and education of patients need attention in designing and implementing new pictograms.

The green analytical procedure index (GAPI) has been widely used to assess the greenness of different steps in analytical methodology. In the GAPI index, the different stages of the chemical analysis process are depicted using five pentagrams divided in subsections, labeled green, yellow, or red according to the degree of greenness. This GAPI tool provides a quick overview of the environmental impact and safety of the procedure. However, there is no total score that can be calculated from the GAPI metric to enable comparison between methods. In this work, a modified GAPI tool (MoGAPI) and software have been developed and applied to address the limitations of the current GAPI metric. The presented tool offers a more precise assessment of greenness, while the software simplifies and expedites its application. It also combines the advantages of the analytical Eco-Scale with the merits of the widely used GAPI metric. This tool was successfully applied to calculate the greenness of a few case studies and applications to show the applicability of this modified metric. The software for the MoGAPI tool is also freely available (open source) at bit.ly/MoGAPI to facilitate application and method comparison. The MoGAPI tool and its software represent a significant advancement in greenness assessment, providing researchers with a robust and user-friendly means to evaluate and compare analytical methods.

BackgroundThe UK MS Register (UKMSR) developed an electronic version the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) called the Cognitive Reaction (CoRe) test that has been validated within clinics on tablet computers. We developed a new version of the CoRe application (V2) for use on personal devices but also incorporates a range of symbols.AimTo establish the responsiveness to different symbol sets using the CoRe app.MethodsCoRe was adapted for use on Apple devices. Symbols sets were added, including: classic, emoji and pictographs. We recruited MS Register participants, with a link made available to the Apple testflight application.Results191 pwMS downloaded CoRe V2, 185 were linked to UKMSR data: 116 Relapsing, 61 Progressive, 8 unspecified pwMS. 131 used an iPhone and 60 a tablet. 644 tests were completed, with a mean per pwMS 3.05±2.5 (mean±SD). 264 completed the ‘classic’ symbols: answered 42.2±12.8, correct 41.5±13.6; 220 completed ‘emojis’, answered 54.6±16.07, correct 53.8±16.5; 160 completed ‘pictographs’, answered 44.6±14.2, correct 43.6±14.5. Linear regression with correct score as the dependent variable found that Emoji scores were increased by 12.5 [10, 15] and scores were decreased -0.5 per year [-0.6, -0.4].ConclusionPwMS performed better at a younger age and when using the emoji symbols compared to the classic and pictograph symbols. The basis of this difference requires further investigation.

Abstract Introduction Individuals with neuropsychiatric and/or neurodevelopmental conditions often display disruptive behaviours such as hyperkinesia, hypermotor-restlessness, hyper/hypo-arousability and hypermotor events (H-behaviours). This terminology, introduced by the Video-Working-Group of the International Paediatric Sleep Association (IPSA), allows for a neutral, training background independent, in-depth phenotyping of structured behavioural observations. As a first step, we investigated how to develop a shared, neutral, annotation language for describing and not interpreting H-behaviours, using qualitative open-ended and pictogram-based annotations (O-a; P-a). Methods Using REDCap data collection software, seven research assistants without prior formal training analyzed: (A) three ‘Fidgety Philip’ (FP) cartoons, using qualitative O-a and reviewed possible applications for P-a. (B) Then, 12 Suggested Clinical Immobilization Test (SCIT) video snapshots of five participants were analyzed using O-a and the exercise was repeated 2 days later, in a randomized order; the same 2-day procedure was repeated using P-a. (C) Inter-/Intra-observer variability of (A) & (B) results was investigated. Results (A) FP-cartoons: O-a were divided into descriptions (n=168, mean=8.0 ± 3.8) and interpretations (n=106, mean=5.0 ± 3.1); with each cartoon, the number of descriptions increased compared to interpretations. (B) SCIT snapshots: Day 1 & 2 data were separated into descriptive vs. interpretive results: O-a (median=6/7 vs. median=1/1) and P-a (median=1/2 vs. median=2/1); then pictogram categorization was reassessed and developed further. (C) Intra-observer reliability for descriptive/interpretative O-a was low (descriptive statistics: 61.9%/36.6%). Inter-observer reliability of P-a for overarching categories was higher (intraclass correlation coefficients: head 0.895; upper limbs: 0.823; lower limbs: 0.878) but low for body tension in dependency of posture (0.588). Conclusion (A) and (B) With experience, the ability to describe and reduce interpretations increased, P-a enhanced this process. (C) Descriptions yielded low and high inter-observer consistency via O-a and P-a, respectively. P-a characterizing movements achieved higher inter-observer consistencies, while those characterizing body posture and interpretative movements were low. This exercise has: (1) provided feedback for software developers to further adapt the annotation software; (2) created the framework for describing disruptive behaviours using a neutral annotation language, and (3) was integrated into the IPSA-Video-Annotation-Training-Module. Support (If Any) BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute and Foundation.

Richard Van Camp, who is Tlicho from Fort Smith, N.W.T., has written 30 books in many genres. Van Camp said that fear can be a teacher, and that used to be a way to teach youth lessons. Rueben Martell, a writer, director and producer from Waterhen Lake First Nation in Saskatchewan, said stories are meant to teach people lessons, especially stories from lived experience. \"The education that our elders teach us is so important and it will teach us how to survive not just the good times but the bad times, the scary times, because those have to come, too,\" he said.

Green analytical chemistry (GAC) focuses on mitigating the adverse effects of analytical activities on human safety, human health, and environment. In addition to the 12 principles of GAC, proper GAC tools should be developed and employed to assess the greenness of different analytical assays. The 15 widely used GAC metrics, i.e., national environmental methods index (NEMI), advanced NEMI, assessment of green profile (AGP), chloroform-oriented toxicity estimation scale (ChlorTox Scale), Analytical Eco-Scale, Green Certificate Modified Eco-Scale, analytical method greenness score (AMGS), green analytical procedure index (GAPI), ComplexGAPI, red-green-blue (RGB) additive color model, RGB 12 algorithm, analytical greenness calculator (AGREE), AGREE preparation (AGREEprep), HEXAGON, and blue applicability grade index (BAGI), are selected as the typical tools. This article comprehensively presents and elucidates the principles, characteristics, merits, and demerits of 15 widely used GAC tools. This review is helpful for researchers to use the current GAC metrics to assess the environmental sustainability of analytical assays. [Display omitted] •This article first describes the principles, attributes, merits, and demerits of 15 commonly used GAC metrics.•The future perspectives of GAC tools are presented and discussed.•This article is beneficial in comprehending the current GAC metrics.

BackgroundWe developed a drug information (DI) sheet for patients to promote appropriate use and self-medication, but the level of understanding was not satisfactory. One reason for the poor comprehension was that important information was buried in the detail.PurposeTo improve the visual appeal and patient comprehension of DI sheets by inserting pictograms.Material and methodsWe conducted the user testing method to evaluate DI sheets. Three different DI sheets on NSAIDs, sheet A provided by the industry, sheet B originally developed and sheet C with pictograms inserted in sheet B, were studied. The sentences of each sheet were laid out in two columns side by side. Originally designed pictograms for contraindications with underlying diseases, allergy history, inappropriate indication and concomitant use, and caution for the elderly and pregnant/breastfeeding females were used. Comprehension of the DI sheets was assessed in interviews with 12 questions. The time spent searching for answers and eye movements were recorded with an eye tracker. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee.ResultsThirty-nine healthy adults stratified by age and sex were randomly assigned to group A (11), B (14), or C (14). The percentage of correct answers did not differ among groups (A, 79.5%; B, 82.1%; C, 79.8%). Pictograms of contraindications with concomitant use and inappropriate indication increased the correct answer rate (by 10%–20%) and visual appeal, but improvements by other pictograms were small. Ten of 12 questions had decreased search times in group C compared with group B. The average total search time in groups B and C was 273.6 and 244.6 s, respectively. The upper left of the DI sheets received the most visual attention, while text in the lower right tended to be overlooked.ConclusionPictograms shorten the time required to search for answers and make it easier to locate necessary information on DI sheets. Placing critical information in the upper left part of the page must be useful in increasing patient comprehension.References and/or AcknowledgementsThis study was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research

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