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This article challenges a few assumptions about emerging international norms pertaining to sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI). First, although UN experts and expert bodies were the first to address SOGI issues at the UN, they have not been the most progressive. Second, social movement actors have not always been the most effective norm entrepreneurs. Third, although states are often accused of failing to take action on SOGI issues, there is a clear, emerging pattern of state involvement and progress. The norms constructed by states are less radical than those constructed by UN experts and civil society organizations, but they are more effective.

Professor Heyns's report says that in some cases authorities failed to provide medical treatment urgently needed by people in custody, carry out postmortem examinations, or provide details of any investigations. The report, presented last week to the UN Human Rights Council, documents serious breaches in more than 50 countries, including hot spots such as Afghanistan, Libya, Syria, Egypt, Iran, China, Colombia, Pakistan, Yemen, Bahrain, and North Korea.

A United Nations expert panel has recommended that a reparations fund be established to provide assistance, including medical care, to thousands of women and children, and some men, who have been raped in the war ravaged Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The panel, which included Denis Mukwege, medical director of Panzi Hospital in Bukavu, South Kivu, a province on the DRC's eastern border, recommended, \"Greater access to medical care, psychological counselling, and legal recourse...

Jean-Michel Monod, head of the International Committee of the Red Cross regional delegation in Tunis, said that the organisation is \"in close contact with the Libyan Red Crescent Society, which has provided blood supplies for several hospitals in Benghazi. Reports by United Nations and other human rights groups, citing Libyan medical sources and eyewitnesses, give various estimates on the number of people killed and injured since reprisals against demonstrators began on 15 February.