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Maximum Entropy Modeling to Predict the Impact of Climate Change on Pine Wilt Disease in China
Pine wilt disease is a devastating forest disease caused by the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus , which has been listed as the object of quarantine in China. Climate change influences species and may exacerbate the risk of forest diseases, such as the pine wilt disease. The maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model was used in this study to identify the current and potential distribution and habitat suitability of three pine species and B. xylophilus in China. Further, the potential distribution was modeled using the current (1970–2000) and the projected (2050 and 2070) climate data based on two representative concentration pathways (RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5), and fairly robust prediction results were obtained. Our model identified that the area south of the Yangtze River in China was the most severely affected place by pine wilt disease, and the eastern foothills of the Tibetan Plateau acted as a geographical barrier to pest distribution. Bioclimatic variables related to temperature influenced pine trees’ distribution, while those related to precipitation affected B. xylophilus ’s distribution. In the future, the suitable area of B. xylophilus will continue to increase; the shifts in the center of gravity of the suitable habitats of the three pine species and B. xylophilus will be different under climate change. The area ideal for pine trees will migrate slightly northward under RCP 8.5. The pine species will continue to face B. xylophilus threat in 2050 and 2070 under the two distinct climate change scenarios. Therefore, we should plan appropriate measures to prevent its expansion. Predicting the distribution of pine species and the impact of climate change on forest diseases is critical for controlling the pests according to local conditions. Thus, the MaxEnt model proposed in this study can be potentially used to forecast the species distribution and disease risks and provide guidance for the timely prevention and management of B. xylophilus .
Journal Article
Bristlecone pines are ancient!
This book draws readers into the ancient world through the life cycle of the bristlecone pine tree.
Book
Defense traits in the long-lived Great Basin bristlecone pine and resistance to the native herbivore mountain pine beetle
Mountain pine beetle (MPB, Dendroctonus ponderosae) is a significant mortality agent of Pinus, and climate-driven range expansion is occurring. Pinus defenses in recently invaded areas, including high elevations, are predicted to be lower than in areas with longer term MPB presence. MPB was recently observed in high-elevation forests of the Great Basin (GB) region, North America. Defense and susceptibility in two long-lived species, GB bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) and foxtail pine (P. balfouriana), are unclear, although they are sympatric with a common MPB host, limber pine (P. flexilis).
We surveyed stands with sympatric GB bristlecone–limber pine and foxtail–limber pine to determine relative MPB attack susceptibility and constitutive defenses.
MPB-caused mortality was extensive in limber, low in foxtail and absent in GB bristlecone pine. Defense traits, including constitutive monoterpenes, resin ducts and wood density, were higher in GB bristlecone and foxtail than in limber pine.
GB bristlecone and foxtail pines have relatively high levels of constitutive defenses which make them less vulnerable to climate-driven MPB range expansion relative to other highelevation pines. Long-term selective herbivore pressure and exaptation of traits for tree longevity are potential explanations, highlighting the complexity of predicting plant–insect interactions under climate change.
Journal Article
White Pine
America was built on white pine.From the 1600s through the Civil War and beyond, it was used to build the nation's ships and houses, barns, and bridges.It became a symbol of independence, adorning the Americans' flag at Bunker Hill, and an economic engine, generating three times more wealth than the California gold rush.
eBook
Pine-Thomas Productions : a history and filmography
\"Dubbed \"The Dollar Bills,\" press agents-turned-producers William H. Pine and William C. Thomas made 1940s Hollywood take notice with their B movies for Paramount that gave solid entertainment while cutting costs to the bone. In the 1950s, with television looming, Pine-Thomas Productions began making bigger-budget films with stars including James Cagney and Jane Wyman, and incorporating trends like 3-D. \"The public is Hollywood's boss,\" Pine said, and the company gave moviegoers what they wanted. Written with the assistance of the Pine and Thomas families, this book draws on Thomas' never-published memoir, interviews with colleagues and relatives, and rarely seen photographs to document the story of Pine-Thomas and its founders. An annotated filmography covers their 76 feature films and five shorts. Appendices give biographical sketches of such actors as Robert Lowery, Jean Parker and John Payne, as well as the directors, cinematographers and other crew members who made movies at top speed with more ingenuity than money\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Traumatic resin ducts induced by methyl jasmonate in Pinus spp
Key messageExogenous MJ does not alter the resin duct structure of pines in the cortex, but increases the number, density and mean size of resin ducts in the secondary xylem, particularly in Pinus sylvestris and P. radiata.Methyl jasmonate (MJ) is an organic compound capable of modulating defence responses in plants. Exogenous application of MJ has been shown to modify the structure of the resin canal system in conifers by inducing the formation of dense concentric bands of traumatic resin ducts in the xylem. Because inducibility of resin ducts has been little explored across pine species, 3-year-old Pinus pinaster, P. pinea, P. sylvestris and P. radiata trees were sprayed with 0, 25 and 50 mM solutions of MJ, and plant growth, external symptoms and histology were assessed 60 days after treatment. Exogenous application of MJ diminished primary or secondary growth in all species (61 and 25%, respectively) and caused needle damage in P. sylvestris. Exogenous MJ did not alter the resin duct structure of Pinus spp. in the cortex. In the secondary xylem, however, the effect of MJ differed considerably between species: ducts, duct density and area covered by ducts increased in P. sylvestris and P. radiata, but not in P. pinaster and P. pinea. In MJ 50 mM-treated trees, resin duct abundance peaked at the first half of the ring in P. sylvestris and at one-third distance from the previous ring in P. radiata. In MJ treated P. radiata trees, large traumatic axial resin ducts, 120–160 µm in diameter, were aligned in the secondary xylem. The study helps to elucidate macroevolutionary aspects of inducibility of resin-based defences in the genus Pinus, where varying responses to MJ could reveal different defence strategies among species.
Journal Article
American wild
American Wild: it can kill you, or exhilarate you. It's always there, a character in its own right in the great unfolding narrative of American writing. This issue of Granta is dedicated to stories of the wild, from MELINDA MOUSTAKIS on gutting fish in Alaska to CLAIRE VAYE WATKINS on a lost child in a dystopian California. Also: ANTHONY DOERR on a family of pioneers in Idaho, ADAM NICOLSON on tracking wolves in New Mexico and DAVID TREUER on cage fighting and his Ojibwe heritage.
BOOK
Leaf Essential Oil Compositions and Enantiomeric Distributions of Monoterpenoids in Pinus Species: Pinus albicaulis, Pinus flexilis, Pinus lambertiana, Pinus monticola, and Pinus sabiniana
Members of the Pinus genus are well known for their medicinal properties, which can be attributed to their essential oils. In this work, we have examined the leaf essential oils of five understudied Pinus species collected from various locations in western North America. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatographic methods, including enantioselective gas chromatography. Pinus albicaulis was dominated by (+)-δ-3-carene; Pinus flexilis was dominated by α-pinene (mostly (+)-α-pinene) and (−)-β-pinene; Pinus lambertiana was dominated by (−)-β-pinene; Pinus monticola was dominated by (−)-β-pinene, (+)-δ-3-carene, and (−)-α-pinene; and Pinus sabiniana was rich in (−)-α-pinene and limonene. While this work adds to our knowledge of Pinus essential oils, additional research is needed to more fully appreciate the geographic and altitudinal variations in the volatile compositions of these Pinus species.
Journal Article