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Development results of an oil field reagent TNCHS-15.0 are presented, this is a solution of non-ionic surfactants composition, that can prevent asphaltene-resin-paraffin precipitation of oil and lower viscosity of oil dispersed systems during transport via pipeline. Effectiveness of developed reagent is proved by the results of laboratory researches in LLC «RN-UfaNIPIneft» with recommendation to conduct field tests on Ust-Tegusskoe field of LLC «RN-Uvatneftegaz». Viscosity reduction at temperatures, typical for oil transportation, is 55% and effectiveness of asphaltene-resin-paraffin precipitation inhibiting is 62%.

Pipelines sit at the heart of the global economy. When they are in good working order, they deliver fuel to meet the ever-growing demand for energy around the world. When they fail due to stress corrosion cracking, they can wreak environmental havoc. This book skillfully explains the fundamental science and engineering of pipeline stress corrosion cracking based on the latest research findings and actual case histories. The author explains how and why pipelines fall prey to stress corrosion cracking and then offers tested and proven strategies for preventing, detecting, and monitoring it in order to prevent pipeline failure. This book begins with a brief introduction and then explores general principals of stress corrosion cracking, including two detailed case studies of pipeline failure. Next, the author covers: Near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines; High pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines; Stress corrosion cracking of pipelines in acidic soil environments; Stress corrosion cracking at pipeline welds; Stress corrosion cracking of high-strength pipeline steels.

Marine pipelines for the transportation of oil and gas have become a safe and reliable part of the expanding infrastructure put in place for the development of the valuable resources below the worlds seas and oceans. The design of these pipelines is a relatively new technology and continues to evolve as the design of more cost effective pipelines becomes a priority and applications move into deeper waters and more hostile environments. This updated edition of a best selling title provides the reader with a scope and depth of detail related to the design of offshore pipelines and risers not seen before in a textbook format.

PURPOSE: Increasing mobility demands and growing industrial tissue come with a burden for the environment. Inventive solutions are necessary to address this challenge. This paper compares the environmental impact of two alternative container transportation methods over a 25-year time period for a specific trajectory and transport volume in the Antwerp harbor. One is a pipeline concept; the other a road concept to link the Deurganck dock with the right bank in order to transport 2 million containers per year. MATERIALS AND METHODS: With a detailed bill of material and the use of the Ecolizer method, a Monte Carlo simulation was performed to calculate the environmental impact in terms of ECOPOINTS on a life cycle perspective. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results remark that in 94% of the cases the pipeline concept has less than half of the environmental impact of the road concept. Furthermore, in both concepts the operational phase is the largest contributor to the total environmental impact. CONCLUSIONS: The pipeline concept results suggest a much lower total environmental impact over a road concept if a large enough volume of containers can effectively be transported. Some considerations have to be given to the used electricity mix, the applied impact assessment method and the case specificities.

This book is based on the authors' 30 years of experience in offshore. The authors provide rigorous coverage of the entire spectrum of subjects in the discipline, from pipe installation and routing selection and planning to design, construction, and installation of pipelines in some of the harshest underwater environments around the world. All-inclusive, this must-have handbook covers the latest breakthroughs in subjects such as corrosion prevention, pipeline inspection, and welding, while offering an easy-to-understand guide to new design codes currently followed in the United States, United Kingdom, Norway, and other countries.

Eliminate or reduce unwanted emissions with the piping engineering techniques and strategies contained in this book Piping Engineering: Preventing Fugitive Emission in the Oil and Gas Industry is a practical and comprehensive examination of strategies for the reduction or avoidance of fugitive emissions in the oil and gas industry. The book covers key considerations and calculations for piping and fitting design and selection, maintenance, and troubleshooting to eliminate or reduce emissions, as well as the various components that can allow for or cause them, including piping flange joints. The author explores leak detection and repair (LDAR), a key technique for managing fugitive emissions. He also discusses piping stresses, like principal, displacement, sustained, occasional, and reaction loads, and how to calculate these loads and acceptable limits. Various devices to tighten the bolts for flanges are described, as are essential flange fabrications and installation tolerances. The book also includes: * Various methods and calculations for corrosion rate calculation, flange leakage analysis, and different piping load measurements * Industry case studies that include calculations, codes, and references * Focuses on critical areas related to piping engineering to prevent emission, including material and corrosion, stress analysis, flange joints, and weld joints * Coverage of piping material selection for offshore oil and gas and onshore refineries and petrochemical plants Ideal for professionals in the oil and gas industry and mechanical and piping engineers, Piping Engineering: Preventing Fugitive Emission in the Oil and Gas Industry is also a must-read resource for environmental engineers in the public and private sectors.

The blending of hydrogen gas into natural gas pipelines is an effective way of achieving the goal of carbon neutrality. Due to the large differences in the calorific values of natural gas from different sources, the calorific value of natural gas after mixing with hydrogen may not meet the quality requirements of natural gas, and the quality of natural gas entering long-distance natural gas and urban gas pipelines also has different requirements. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of multiple gas sources and different pipe network types on the differences in the calorific values of natural gas following hydrogen admixing. In this regard, this study aimed to determine the quality requirements and proportions of hydrogen-mixed gas in natural gas pipelines at home and abroad, and systematically determined the quality requirements for natural gas entering both long-distance natural gas and urban gas pipelines in combination with national standards. Taking the real calorific values of the gas supply cycle of seven atmospheric sources as an example, the calorific and Wobbe Index values for different hydrogen admixture ratios in a one-year cycle were calculated. The results showed that under the requirement of natural gas interchangeability, there were great differences in the proportions of natural gas mixed with hydrogen from different gas sources. When determining the proportion of hydrogen mixed with natural gas, both the factors of different gas sources and the factors of the gas supply cycle should be considered.

This study develops a coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM) two-phase flow model to investigate particle deposition behaviors in industrial pipeline transportation of edible chili oil, a high-viscosity fluid widely used in food industries. Due to its complex rheological properties and the presence of suspended solids, chili oil pipelines frequently face significant challenges, including excessive particle deposition at pipe bends, increased pressure drops, and energy inefficiency. To address these critical issues, simulations were systematically conducted using the Realizable k-ε turbulence model, examining the effects of different inlet velocities (0.5–2.5 m/s), particle sizes (2–4 mm), and particle shapes (spherical, rod-shaped, and cubic). Results showed that operating the pipeline within an optimal transport velocity range of approximately 1.0–1.5 m/s effectively minimized particle accumulation at bends and significantly reduced pressure losses. Quantitatively, spherical particles exhibited the lowest pressure drop increase (from approximately 3.45 kPa at 0.5 m/s to 21.78 kPa at 2.5 m/s) due to reduced collision frequencies and kinetic energy dissipation. In contrast, irregular particles (cubic shapes) led to the highest pressure drops, rising sharply from 5.91 kPa at 0.5 m/s up to 34.56 kPa at 2.5 m/s, caused by frequent collisions and turbulent fluctuations. Additionally, simulations revealed that increasing particle size from 2 to 4 mm notably decreased particle deposition and pressure losses due to reduced collision frequency and enhanced momentum transfer. These quantitative findings not only fill the research gap concerning high-viscosity, particulate-laden edible fluid systems but also provide concrete and practical guidelines for optimizing chili oil transport processes. The findings directly contribute to improved operational reliability, lower energy consumption, and reduced blockage risks in industrial food pipeline applications.

Pipeline transportation is widely regarded as the most cost-effective method for conveying substantial volumes of hydrogen across extensive distances. However, before hydrogen can be widely used, a new pipeline network must be built to reliably supply industrial users. An alternative way to rather expensive investments in new infrastructure could be to use the existing pipeline network to add pure hydrogen to natural gas and further transport the gas mixture in an industrially safe way. The new solution necessities will be examined for compression, transportation, and fire hazard accidents, which have not been scrutinized by other scholars. This study presents the results of a comprehensive analysis of the methane–hydrogen mixture compression process and a mathematical description of the main pipeline operation during gas mixture transportation, considering industrial fire safety issues. By examining a case study involving a main gas pipeline and its associated mathematical model for hydrogen transportation, it becomes feasible to assess the potential hazards associated with various leakage areas and the subsequent occurrence of fires. The findings of this investigation demonstrate that the spontaneous combustion of hydrogen due to leakage from a natural gas pipeline is directly influenced by the proportion of hydrogen present in the gas mixture. If the hydrogen percentage reaches a balanced ratio of 50–50%, it is plausible that the equipment at the compressor station could be subject to detrimental consequences, potentially leading to accidents and fires. Furthermore, the obtained results from modeling in ANSYS Fluent software propose two practical scenarios, which demonstrate that despite the limited research conducted on the safety aspects and the occurrence of fires during the operation of hydrogen gas pipelines, industrial and fire safety necessitate the inclusion of hydrogen transport infrastructure as a pivotal element within the broader framework of hydrogen infrastructure development.

Although natural gas is often viewed as a commodity fuel with limited variability due to standardization for pipeline transportation, life cycle impacts of natural gas vary substantially. Greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity is one of the most policy-relevant environmental characteristics of natural gas, particularly as decarbonization efforts proceed. Given that natural gas is mostly methane, a powerful GHG, methane emissions from the natural gas system contribute substantially to the GHG intensity of natural gas. Research has established that methane emissions from natural gas systems are climatically relevant and higher than long understood, in part due to variation in production-stage emissions by basin. This work combines recent estimates of basin-level US production-stage methane emissions, data on US natural gas production, consumption, and trade, and a spatial evaluation of pipeline connections between production basins and consumer states to generate first-order estimates of the production-stage methane emissions intensity of natural gas consumed in the United States. Although natural gas is a commodity product, the environmental footprint of a given unit of natural gas varies based on its origin and infrastructural needs. We find that production-stage methane emissions intensity of delivered natural gas by state varies from 0.9% to 3.6% (mass methane emitted from natural gas production sites per mass methane withdrawn). These production-stage emissions add 16%–65% (global warming potential (GWP)-100; 38%–157%, GWP-20) to combustion carbon dioxide emissions. Other sources of life cycle methane emissions downstream of production can be similar in magnitude. Natural gas consumed in Arizona, Kansas, and New Mexico has the highest estimated production-stage methane emissions intensity, largely due to reliance on high-emission basins. Limitations include emissions-related data gaps and sensitivity to allocation approaches, but results demonstrate decision-relevant variability in the GHG impact of natural gas.