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"Plant design"
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Planting in a post-wild world : designing plant communities for resilient landscapes
\"Thomas Rainer and Claudia West, two leading voices in ecological landscape design, reveal how plants fit together in nature and how to use this knowledge to create landscapes that are resilient, beautiful, and diverse\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Hybrid power plant design for low-carbon hydrogen in the United States
In this study, we provide a nationwide techno-economic analysis of clean hydrogen production powered by a hybrid renewable energy plant for over 50,000 locations in the United States. We leverage the open-source Hybrid Optimization Performance Platform (HOPP) tool to simulate the hourly performance of an off-grid wind-solar plant integrated with a 1-GW polymer exchange membrane electrolyzer system. The levelized cost of hydrogen is calculated for varying technology costs, and tax credits to explore cost sensitivities independent of plant design, performance, and site selection. Our findings suggest that strategies for cost reduction include selecting sites with abundant wind resources, complementary wind and solar resources, and optimizing the sizing of wind and solar assets to maximize the hybrid plant capacity factor. These strategies are linked to increased hydrogen production and reduced electrolyzer stack replacements, thereby lowering the overall cost of hydrogen.
Journal Article
Design of Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines
As the demand for \"green\" energy increases the offshore wind power industry is expanding at a rapid pace around the world. This book is a comprehensive reference which covers the design of foundations for offshore wind turbines, and includes examples and case studies. It provides an overview of a wind farm and a wind turbine structure, and examines the different types of loads on the offshore wind turbine structure. Foundation design considerations and the necessary calculations are also covered. The geotechnical site investigation and soil behavior/soil structure interaction are discussed, and the final chapter takes a case study of a wind turbine and demonstrates how to carry out step by step calculations.
eBook
ECCD system design activities for JA DEMO
ECCD system design activities for JA DEMO is in progress. Activities contains physical analysis, launcher design, and RF power plant design. The physical analysis activity explores various approaches to enhance ECCD efficiency. The RF power plant design activity produced a conceptual design of a 100 MW class RF power plant. The launcher design activity presented the upper and equatorial launcher port of the JA DEMO tokamak vacuum vessel and analyzed the ECCD operation of each launcher. The result is the achievement of RF power deposition at the core of plasma for ECCD by selecting the proper injection angle and frequency.
Journal Article
Magnetic fields with general omnigenity
Omnigenity is a desirable property of toroidal magnetic fields that ensures confinement of trapped particles. Confining charged particles is a basic requirement for any fusion power plant design, but it can be difficult to satisfy with the non-axisymmetric magnetic fields used by the stellarator approach. Every ideal magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium previously found to approximate omnigenity has been either axisymmetric, quasi-symmetric or has poloidally closed contours of magnetic field strength $B$. However, general omnigenous equilibria are a much larger design space than these subsets. A new model is presented and employed in the DESC stellarator optimization suite to represent and discover the full parameter space of omnigenous equilibria. Although exact omnigenity aside from quasi-symmetry is impossible, these results reveal that excellent particle confinement can be achieved in practice. Examples far from quasi-symmetry with poloidally, helically and toroidally closed $B$ contours are attained with DESC and shown to have low neoclassical collisional transport and fast particle losses.
Journal Article
Energy, exergy, and thermoeconomic analysis of a natural gas combined power plant
This paper explores an innovative power plant design integrating three organic Rankine cycle (ORC) subsystems with a Brayton cycle (BC) to enhance energy conversion efficiency by utilising various waste heat sources. The study applies advanced energy, exergy, and thermoeconomic analyses to comprehensively assess the performance of a natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plant, using the energy equation solver (EES) software. The model has been validated against previous research with different parameters, such as compressor efficiency, ambient temperature, and pressure ratio, confirming its accuracy and reliability. The numerical results demonstrate that increasing compressor efficiency from 70 to 88% boosts the NGCC system’s net power output by nearly 60% compared to the Brayton cycle alone. Additionally, both energy and exergy efficiencies of the NGCC improve by 6.6% from the initial state, while the annual cost rate shows a parabolic increase over this range. Furthermore, higher turbine efficiency leads to a 14% increase in overall energy efficiency and a 13% increase in exergy efficiency. An increase in pressure ratio from 6 to 15 raises energy and exergy efficiency by 4% and 3%, respectively. However, the influence of the pressure ratio is less significant compared to the other parameters. Moreover, cycle performance is inversely related to ambient and exhaust gas temperatures.
Journal Article
Surrogate-assisted evolutionary multi-objective optimisation applied to a pressure swing adsorption system
The complexity of chemical plant systems (CPS) makes optimising their design and operation challenging tasks. This complexity also results in analytical and numerical simulation models of these systems having high computational costs. Research demonstrates the benefits of using machine learning models as surrogates or substitutes for these computationally expensive simulation models during CPS optimisation. This paper presents the results of our study, extending recent research into optimising chemical plant design and operation. The study explored the original surrogate-assisted genetic algorithms (SA-GA) in more complex variants of the plant design and operation optimisation problem. The more complex plant design variants include additional parallel and feedback components. The study also proposes a novel multivariate extension, surrogate-assisted NSGA (SA-NSGA), to the original univariate SA-GA algorithm. The study evaluated the SA-NSGA extension on the popular pressure swing adsorption (PSA) system. This paper outlines our extensive experimentation, comparing various meta-heuristic optimisation techniques and numerous machine learning models as surrogates. The results in both more complex plant design variants and the PSA case show the suitability of genetic algorithms combined with surrogate models as an optimisation framework for CPS design and operation in single and multi-objective scenarios. The analysis further confirms that combining a genetic algorithm framework with machine learning surrogate models as a substitute for long-running simulation models yields significant computational efficiency improvements, 1.7–1.84 times speedup for the increased complexity examples and a 2.7 times speedup for the pressure swing adsorption system. The discussion successfully concludes that surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithms can be scaled to increasingly complex CPS with parallel and feedback components.
Journal Article
Comparison of Rotor Wake Identification and Characterization Methods for the Analysis of Wake Dynamics and Evolution
Optimal wind power plant design requires understanding of wind turbine wake physics and validation of engineering wake models under wake-controlled operating conditions. In this work, we have developed and investigated several different wake identification and characterization methods for analyzing wake evolution and dynamics. The accuracy and robustness of these methods, based on Gaussian function fitting and adaptive contour identification, have been assessed by application to a large-eddy simulation data set. A new contour-based method based on downstream momentum deficit has been considered. Uncertainties arising from wake-identification errors result in characterizations of the wake expansion, recovery, and meandering motion that differ by 19% of the rotor area, 4% of the freestream, and 15% rotor diameter, respectively.
Journal Article
The albedo–climate penalty of hydropower reservoirs
Hydropower emits less carbon dioxide than fossil fuels but the lower albedo of hydropower reservoirs compared to terrestrial landscapes results in a positive radiative forcing, offsetting some of the negative radiative forcing of hydroelectricity generat ion. The cumulative effect of this lower albedo has not been quantified. Here we show, by quantifying the difference in remotely sensed albedo between globally distributed hydropower reservoirs and their surrounding landscape, that 19% of all investigated hydropower plants required 40 years or more for the negative radiative forcing from the fossil fuel displacement to offset the albedo effect. The length of these break-even times depends on the specific combination of climatic and environmental constraints, power plant design characteristics and country-specific electricity carbon intensities. We conclude that future hydropower plants need to minimize the albedo penalty to make a meaningful contribution towards limiting global warming.
The darker surfaces of water reservoirs absorb more sunlight than ground surfaces, yet how much this reduces the climate benefit of hydroelectricity has not been investigated. Now, Wohlfahrt et al. demonstrate that this albedo penalty may be considerable for certain hydropower reservoirs.
Journal Article