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A plant genetic network for preventing dysbiosis in the phyllosphere
The aboveground parts of terrestrial plants, collectively called the phyllosphere, have a key role in the global balance of atmospheric carbon dioxide and oxygen. The phyllosphere represents one of the most abundant habitats for microbiota colonization. Whether and how plants control phyllosphere microbiota to ensure plant health is not well understood. Here we show that the
Arabidopsis
quadruple mutant (
min7 fls2 efr cerk1
; hereafter,
mfec
)
1
, simultaneously defective in pattern-triggered immunity and the MIN7 vesicle-trafficking pathway, or a
constitutively activated cell death1
(
cad1
) mutant, carrying a S205F mutation in a membrane-attack-complex/perforin (MACPF)-domain protein, harbour altered endophytic phyllosphere microbiota and display leaf-tissue damage associated with dysbiosis. The Shannon diversity index and the relative abundance of Firmicutes were markedly reduced, whereas Proteobacteria were enriched in the
mfec
and
cad1
S205F
mutants, bearing cross-kingdom resemblance to some aspects of the dysbiosis that occurs in human inflammatory bowel disease. Bacterial community transplantation experiments demonstrated a causal role of a properly assembled leaf bacterial community in phyllosphere health. Pattern-triggered immune signalling, MIN7 and CAD1 are found in major land plant lineages and are probably key components of a genetic network through which terrestrial plants control the level and nurture the diversity of endophytic phyllosphere microbiota for survival and health in a microorganism-rich environment.
Mutations in genes involved in immune signalling and vesicle trafficking cause defects in the leaf microbiome of
Arabidopsis thaliana
that result in damage to leaf tissues, suggesting mechanisms by which terrestrial plants control the level and diversity of endophytic phyllosphere microbiota.
Journal Article
Plant NAC transcription factors in the battle against pathogens
Background
The NAC transcription factor family, which is recognized as one of the largest plant-specific transcription factor families, comprises numerous members that are widely distributed among various higher plant species and play crucial regulatory roles in plant immunity.
Results
In this paper, we provided a detailed summary of the roles that NAC transcription factors play in plant immunity via plant hormone pathways and reactive oxygen species pathways. In addition, we conducted in-depth investigations into the interactions between NAC transcription factors and pathogen effectors to summarize the mechanism through which they regulate the expression of defense-related genes and ultimately affect plant disease resistance.
Conclusions
This paper presented a comprehensive overview of the crucial roles that NAC transcription factors play in regulating plant disease resistance through their involvement in diverse signaling pathways, acting as either positive or negative regulators, and thus provided references for further research on NAC transcription factors.
Journal Article
The plant paradox cookbook : 100 delicious recipes to help you lose weight, heal your gut, and live lectin-free
\"In [his book] The Plant Paradox, Dr. Steven Gundry introduced readers to the hidden toxins lurking in seemingly healthy foods like tomatoes, zucchini, quinoa, and brown rice: a class of plant-based proteins called lectins. Many people are familiar with one of the most predominant lectins--a substance called gluten, which is found in wheat and other grains. But while cutting out the bread and going gluten-free is relatively straightforward, going lectin-free is no small task. Now, in [this] cookbook, Dr. Gundry breaks down lectin-free eating step by step and shares one hundred of his favorite healthy recipes\"--Amazon.com.
Book
Mycorrhiza-Induced Resistance and Priming of Plant Defenses
Symbioses between plants and beneficial soil microorganisms like arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to promote plant growth and help plants to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses. Profound physiological changes take place in the host plant upon root colonization by AMF affecting the interactions with a wide range of organisms below- and above-ground. Protective effects of the symbiosis against pathogens, pests, and parasitic plants have been described for many plant species, including agriculturally important crop varieties. Besides mechanisms such as improved plant nutrition and competition, experimental evidence supports a major role of plant defenses in the observed protection. During mycorrhiza establishment, modulation of plant defense responses occurs thus achieving a functional symbiosis. As a consequence of this modulation, a mild, but effective activation of the plant immune responses seems to occur, not only locally but also systemically. This activation leads to a primed state of the plant that allows a more efficient activation of defense mechanisms in response to attack by potential enemies. Here, we give an overview of the impact on interactions between mycorrhizal plants and pathogens, herbivores, and parasitic plants, and we summarize the current knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. We focus on the priming of jasmonate-regulated plant defense mechanisms that play a central role in the induction of resistance by arbuscular mycorrhizas.
Journal Article
The plant paradox : the hidden dangers in \healthy\ foods that cause disease and weight gain
Plants have an impressive array of defense tactics to protect themselves from predators of all shapes and sizes--including humans. Stephen Gundry believes that these defense strategies make the seemingly virtuous plants that we consume every day--fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts, and seeds--far less \"good for us\" than we assume.
Book
Pivoting the Plant Immune System from Dissection to Deployment
Diverse and rapidly evolving pathogens cause plant disease and epidemics that threaten crop yield and food security around the world. Research over the last 25 years has led to an increasingly clear conceptual understanding of the molecular components of the plant immune system. Combined with ever-cheaper DNA-sequencing technology and the rich diversity of germ plasm manipulated for over a century by plant breeders, we now have the means to begin development of durable (long-lasting) disease resistance beyond the limits imposed by conventional breeding and in a manner that will replace costly and unsustainable chemical controls.
Journal Article
Wilted : pathogens, chemicals, and the fragile future of the strawberry industry
\"Wilted tells how, in the face of emergent soil pathogens, the California strawberry industry came to rely on the use of highly toxic soil fumigants. Once widely adopted, fumigation reverberated throughout the rest of the production system--in plant breeding, land access, labor practices, marketing, and more, bringing tremendous productivity. Yet, the very entanglements of plants, soils, chemicals, climate, and laboring bodies that once made strawberry production so lucrative in the Golden State have now turned into a set of interlocking threats, especially as social and ecological conditions beyond the industry's control bear down on growers\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Genome editing of the disease susceptibility gene CsLOB1 in citrus confers resistance to citrus canker
Citrus is a highly valued tree crop worldwide, while, at the same time, citrus production faces many biotic challenges, including bacterial canker and Huanglongbing (HLB). Breeding for disease‐resistant varieties is the most efficient and sustainable approach to control plant diseases. Traditional breeding of citrus varieties is challenging due to multiple limitations, including polyploidy, polyembryony, extended juvenility and long crossing cycles. Targeted genome editing technology has the potential to shorten varietal development for some traits, including disease resistance. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9/sgRNA technology to modify the canker susceptibility gene CsLOB1 in Duncan grapefruit. Six independent lines, DLOB2, DLOB3, DLOB9, DLOB10, DLOB11 and DLOB12, were generated. Targeted next‐generation sequencing of the six lines showed the mutation rate was 31.58%, 23.80%, 89.36%, 88.79%, 46.91% and 51.12% for DLOB2, DLOB3, DLOB9, DLOB10, DLOB11 and DLOB12, respectively, of the cells in each line. DLOB2 and DLOB3 showed canker symptoms similar to wild‐type grapefruit, when inoculated with the pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc). No canker symptoms were observed on DLOB9, DLOB10, DLOB11 and DLOB12 at 4 days postinoculation (DPI) with Xcc. Pustules caused by Xcc were observed on DLOB9, DLOB10, DLOB11 and DLOB12 in later stages, which were much reduced compared to that on wild‐type grapefruit. The pustules on DLOB9 and DLOB10 did not develop into typical canker symptoms. No side effects and off‐target mutations were detected in the mutated plants. This study indicates that genome editing using CRISPR technology will provide a promising pathway to generate disease‐resistant citrus varieties.
Journal Article