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"Plant protection"
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Intellectual property law and plant protection : challenges and developments in Asia
\"This book provides a detailed and critical account of the emergence, development and implementation of plant variety protection laws in Asian countries. Each chapter undertakes a critical socio-legal analysis of one or more legal frameworks to understand, evaluate, and explore: the concerns of diverse national stakeholders; the histories and dynamics of law-making; and the ways in which plant variety protection and seed certification laws interact with local agricultural systems. The book also assesses how Asian countries can capitalise on the 'unused policy space' in international agreements such as TRIPS and UPOV, as well as international obligations beyond this, such as those contained in the CBD and the Plant Treaty. It also highlights the many ways Asian experiences can offer new insights into how regimes that grant intellectual property rights in plants might be re-imagined in other regions, including Africa, Europe and the Americas. By adding an important new perspective to the ongoing debate on intellectual property and plants, this book will appeal to academics, practitioners and policymakers engaged in work surrounding intellectual property laws, agricultural biodiversity and plant breeding\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Host-induced gene silencing – mechanisms and applications
Host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) technology has emerged as a powerful alternative to chemical treatments for protecting plants from pathogens or pests. More than 170 HIGS studies have been published so far, and HIGS products have been launched. First, we discuss the strengths and limitations of this technology in a pathosystem-specific context. Next, we highlight the requirement for fundamental knowledge on the molecular mechanisms (i.e. uptake, processing and translocation of transgene-expressed double-stranded RNAs) that determine the efficacy and specificity of HIGS. Additionally, we speculate on the contribution of host and target RNA interference machineries, which may be incompatible depending on the lifestyle of the pathogen or pest. Finally, we predict that closing these gaps in knowledge will lead to the development of novel integrative concepts, precise risk assessment and tailor-made HIGS therapy for plant diseases.
Journal Article
Guidance for the identification of endocrine disruptors in the context of Regulations (EU) No 528/2012 and (EC) No 1107/2009
This Guidance describes how to perform hazard identification for endocrine‐disrupting properties by following the scientific criteria which are outlined in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/2100 and Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/605 for biocidal products and plant protection products, respectively.
This publication is linked to the following EFSA Supporting Publications article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2018.EN-1447/full
Journal Article
Community biodiversity management : promoting resilience and the conservation of plant genetic resources
\"The conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in the environments where this diversity originated or is being used, are issues which are high on the policy agenda. This book is the first to set out a clear overview of community biodiversity management (CBM) as an approach to meet social, economic and environmental change\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Design and development of orchard autonomous navigation spray system
Driven by the demand for efficient plant protection in orchards, the autonomous navigation system for orchards is hereby designed and developed in this study. According to the three modules of unmanned system “perception-decision-control,” the environment perception and map construction strategy based on 3D lidar is constructed for the complex environment in orchards. At the same time, millimeter-wave radar is further selected for multi-source information fusion for the perception of obstacles. The extraction of orchard navigation lines is achieved by formulating a four-step extraction strategy according to the obtained lidar data. Finally, aiming at the control problem of plant protection machine, the ADRC control strategy is adopted to enhance the noise immunity of the system. Different working conditions are designed in the experimental section for testing the obstacle avoidance performance and navigation accuracy of the autonomous navigation sprayer. The experimental results show that the unmanned vehicle can identify the obstacle quickly and make an emergency stop and find a rather narrow feasible area when a moving person or a different thin column is used as an obstacle. Many experiments have shown a safe distance for obstacle avoidance about 0.5 m, which meets the obstacle avoidance requirements. In the navigation accuracy experiment, the average navigation error in both experiments is within 15 cm, satisfying the requirements for orchard spray operation. A set of spray test experiments are designed in the final experimental part to further verify the feasibility of the system developed by the institute, and the coverage rate of the leaves of the canopy is about 50%.
Journal Article
Plant protection practices: how do risk perception, subjective and objective knowledge influence the preference of German consumers
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify which plant protection practices consumers prefer and why. The authors focused on beneficial insects, genetically modified (GM) plants, synthetic chemical pesticides, biological plant protection, mechanical-physical plant protection as well as biotechnical plant protection. The authors studied the effects of the risk perception and both subjective and objective knowledge on preference.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collected cross-sectional data from n = 1,223 people living in Germany. For this, the authors used an online panel and quoted participation after age, gender, income and region. The authors used multiple regression analyses and also explored moderation effects of knowledge on risk perception to explain participants' preferences.FindingsThe most preferred plant protection practice in the study sample was the application of beneficial insects. The authors found evidence that risk perception, as well as objective and subjective knowledge, can have a pivotal direct effect on preferences. Additionally, subjective as well as objective knowledge typically moderated the effect of risk perception, depending on the plant protection practice in focus. Overall, the authors found that levels of subjective and objective knowledge of plant protection practices were rather low among German participants.Originality/valueWhile studies on consumer preferences for GM or organic food are abundant, preferences regarding other types of common plant protection practices are hardly investigated. To tackle this research gap, the authors focused on six different and common plant protection practices and compare results.
Journal Article
Sustainability conditions of Polish agriculture in the context of the use of plant protection products, as compared to other European Union countries. Economic aspects
Sustainable agriculture is a management system based on the use of agricultural practices that contribute to maintaining the natural environment in good condition. It allows for the rational use of its resources, and minimizing losses for society while maintaining profitability of agricultural production. An important feature of a sustainable agricultural system is the moderate use of industrial agricultural production products, including plant protection products, which in practice should be closely matched to the type and strength of the threat occurring in agricultural crops. The cost of plant protection products per 1 ha of crops is an important indicator of the intensity of agricultural production, which as a result of growing competitive pressure, is still increasing, especially in areas with favorable natural conditions for its development. In this context, it is therefore important to emphasize the strong current aim and readiness of the European Union (EU) to restrict the use of plant protection products in agriculture. This is referred to as the “farm to fork” strategy, which is an important element of the European Green Deal. Currently, the European Commission (EC) is taking a number of legislative steps to reduce the overall use of plant protection products. However, the question arises whether and to what extent Polish agriculture can participate in the ambitious EU goal to reduce them. To try to answer this question, an assessment was made of the amounts and structure of the consumption of chemical plant protection products in Poland, and compared to other EU countries. It was also important to compare the costs of plant protection products per 1 ha of crops on farms in Poland, with similar farms in other European Union countries, while taking into consideration the diverse natural farming conditions in which they operate.
Journal Article
Copper in plant protection
Copper has been used in agriculture to control oomycetes, fungi and bacteria for over a century. It plays important roles in integrated pest management, but is essential in organic farming, where disease management depends almost exclusively on its use. However, the use of this heavy metal may have log-term consequences due to its accumulation in the soil, which appears incompatible with organic farming's objectives. This awareness led the European Union to establish maximum limits on copper in organic farming since 2002 (Commission Regulation 473/2002), and further decisions on its use in crop protection are to be taken soon. At present, copper compounds are approved as plant protection products until 31 January 2019. This review examines the current state of copper use, the regulatory framework, and limits set for copper in organic farming. Strategies to reduce copper inputs are also considered, including: preventive phytosanitary measures, innovative formulations with reduced copper content, optimization of copper dosages, the use of forecasting models, the use of resistant varieties, optimization of agriculture management, and natural alternatives to copper-based products. This review also examines the main research projects exploring farming practices and appropriate alternatives to copper use for the control of plant pathogens. The review highlights that, while there is currently no replacement for this heavy metal having the same plant protection effectiveness, agronomic measures and management practices can be combined to reduce the amounts of copper used for this purpose.
Journal Article
An integrated framework for UAV-based precision plant protection in complex terrain: the ACHAGA solution for multi-tea fields
UAV-based plant protection represents an efficient, energy-saving agricultural technology with significant potential to enhance tea production. However, the complex terrain of hilly and mountainous tea fields, coupled with the limited endurance of UAVs, presents substantial challenges for efficient route planning. This study introduces a novel methodological framework for UAV-based precision plant protection across multiple tea fields, addressing the difficulties in planning the shortest routes and optimal flights for UAVs constrained by their endurance. The framework employs a hyperbolic genetic annealing algorithm (ACHAGA) to optimize UAV plant protection routes with the objectives of minimizing flight distance, reducing the number of turns, and enhancing route stability. The method involves two primary steps: cluster partitioning and sortie allocation for multiple tea fields based on UAV range capabilities, followed by refining the UAV’s flight path using a combination of hyperbolic genetic and simulated annealing algorithms with an adaptive temperature control mechanism. Simulation experiments and UAV route validation tests confirm the effectiveness of ACHAGA. The algorithm consistently identified optimal solutions within an average of 40 iterations, demonstrating robust global search capabilities and stability. It achieved an average reduction of 45.75 iterations and 1811.93 meters in the optimal route, with lower variation coefficients and extreme deviations across repeated simulations. ACHAGA significantly outperforms these algorithms, GA, GA-ACO, AFSA and BSO, which are also heuristic search strategies, in the multi-tea field route scheduling problem, reducing the optimal routes by 4904.82 m, 926.07 m, 3803.96 m and 800.11 m, respectively. Field tests revealed that ACHAGA reduced actual flight routes by 791.9 meters and 359.6 meters compared to manual and brainstorming-based planning methods, respectively. Additionally, the algorithm reduced flight scheduling distance and the number of turns by 11 compared to manual planning. This study provides a theoretical and technical foundation for managing large-scale tea plantations in challenging landscapes and serves as a reference for UAV precision operation planning in complex environments.
Journal Article