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Physiological responses of plants to attack
Despite the research effort put into controlling pathogens, pests and parasitic plants, crop losses are still a regular feature of agriculture worldwide. This makes it important to manage the crop appropriately in order to maximise yield. Understanding the relationship between the occurrence and severity of attack, and the resulting yield loss, is an important step towards improved crop protection. Linked to this, is the need to better understand the mechanisms responsible for reductions in growth and yield in affected crops.
Physiological Responses of Plants to Attack is unique because it deals with the effects of different attackers – pathogens, herbivores, and parasitic plants, on host processes involved in growth, reproduction, and yield. Coverage includes effects on photosynthesis, partitioning of carbohydrates, water and nutrient relations, and changes in plant growth hormones. Far from being simply a consequence of attack, the alterations in primary metabolism reflect a more dynamic and complex interaction between plant and attacker, sometimes involving re-programming of plant metabolism by the attacker.
Physiological Responses of Plants to Attack is written and designed for use by senior undergraduates and postgraduates studying agricultural sciences, applied entomology, crop protection, plant pathology and plant sciences. Biological and agricultural research scientists in the agrochemical and crop protection industries, and in academia, will find much of use in this book. All libraries in universities and research establishments where biological and agricultural sciences are studied and taught should have copies of this exciting book on their shelves
eBook
Bacteria-plant interactions : advanced research and future trends
The relative food prosperity of the 1980s/1990s has been eroded in recent years through the convergence of a variety of factors, including climate change, population growth, foodborne pathogens, and microbial plant pathogens. Today, food security has become an urgent major global challenge. One important area of research that aims to aid the production of sufficient, safe, and nutritious food has focused on the plant-microbe interaction. Understanding this is an important prerequisite for the development of strategies to protect plants from pathogens and/or to prevent contamination of food with human pathogens. In this book, a team of respected scientists review the most important current topics to provide a timely overview on bacterial-plant interactions. The topics covered include: type III secretion systems and their role in the bacterial-host interaction * the Pseudomonas and Erwinia model systems and their application to other studies * the emerging plant pathogen Acidovorax * the Gram-positive phytopathogens Clavibacter, Streptomyces, and Rhodococcus * the colonization of plants by human bacterial pathogens * Pseudomonas biocontrol approaches * phage therapy. The book will be essential reading for every plant pathogen researcher, from the PhD student to the experienced scientist, and is recommended reading for researchers working on foodborne pathogens and bacterial pathogenesis.
eBook
Plant tissue type and mineral contents shape endophytic bacterial communities in the Sisrè berry plant Synsepalum dulcificum
Diverse endophytic bacteria inhabit distinct tissues of a given species and are essential for plant growth and resilience to various stresses. Little information is available on bacterial endophytes associated with Synsepalum dulcificum, an opportunity fruit crop with high economic and medicinal values. Using Illumina sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, the diversity and structure of the endophytic bacterial community in the roots and leaves of S. dulcificum were determined, considering 29 accessions from three distinct phenotypes located either in home gardens or on farms in Benin. 2,468 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were recorded in the leaf and root endosphere of S. dulcificum, affiliated with 20 bacterial phyla, 49 classes, 125 orders, 217 families and 365 genera. Actinomycetota, Pseudomonadota and Chloroflexota were the most abundant phyla in the roots. In comparison, Pseudomonadota stood out as almost the unique phylum in the leaves, suggesting a significant decrease in diversity from roots to leaves. Significant correlations (p < 0.05) were observed between the relative abundance of the endophytic bacterial taxa and the mineral contents in the leaves, roots, and soil. While bacterial communities depended highly on accession, plant phenotype and habitat discriminated them in roots and leaves, respectively. Metagenome function prediction indicated that S. dulcificum harbors bacteria with the potential to metabolize carbohydrates and amino acids, as well as synthesize secondary metabolites and antimicrobial compounds beneficial for plant growth and adaptation to environmental stresses. These findings open room for exploiting endophytic diversity to enhance the growth and sustainable production of S. dulcificum.
Journal Article
Novel strains of Tomato Spotted Wilt Orthotospovirus
Novel resistance breaking (RB) strains of tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) capable of disrupting single gene resistance in tomato (Sw-5b) and pepper (Tsw) have been reported worldwide. Thrips, a supervector of TSWV, transmit these strains in a suite of specialty and staple food crops across the globe. However, transmission biology of RB strains remains virtually unexplored. We investigated various transmission parameters viz. inoculation efficiency, putative sex-specific differences in inoculation, virus accumulation, and source sink relationships to dissect these interactions. Six novel strains of TSWV, namely Tom-BL1, Tom-BL2, Tom-CA, Tom-MX, Pep-BL and Non-RB, transmitted by western flower thrips (WFT) were used and thrips were allowed four 24h consecutive inoculation accession periods (IAPs). Our results show that most strains were inoculated at all four IAPs, however, their rates differed across IAPs. Overall, WFT had highest inoculation efficiency at the first and lowest at the second IAP. Female thrips carried higher virus titers; however, males were better at inoculating TSWV. Furthermore, we did not find significant positive correlations in virus titers between the tissues used for TSWV acquisition, thrips and thrips-inoculated leaf discs. Males inoculated RB strains at 87% efficiency whereas Non-RB strain at 80% efficiency. Female thrips were 77% and 75% efficient at inoculating RB and Non-RB strains, respectively. This study furnishes new insights into the transmission biology of TSWV RB strains, especially from inoculation and thrips sex perspectives, and provides a baseline for future molecular studies surrounding ever evolving novel TSWV strains.
Journal Article
Comparative meta-analysis of barley transcriptome: Pathogen type determines host preference
Fungi and aphids show mutual interactions on barley pathogenesis. Fungi promote pathogenesis, while aphids either weaken or strengthen the infection. Otherwise, fungi alter aphid behavior and performance, further highlighting their complex interactions. Characterizing these synergistic and antagonistic interactions is crucial for understanding pathogenesis. Therefore, we performed meta-analysis and co-expression gene network analyses of the barley transcriptome in response to fungus and aphid based on hormone signaling pathways. We selected 13 studies, including 380 fungal infection samples, 48 aphid-attack samples, and 34 hormone-treated samples. We showed that 1.1% of DEGs were common between fungal and aphid-related datasets, while only 0.1% of DEGs were shared among all datasets. In addition, 70% of common DEGs were uniquely regulated by JA or SA signaling. In contrast, 30% of DEGs were regulated by both JA and SA simultaneously. Regulatory element analysis revealed that 85% of DEGs contained at least one binding site from AP2/EREBP or C2H2 zinc-finger factors that show substantial roles in SAR/ISR pathways during plant defense. Gene network analysis identified key hub genes, including SSI2, PAD2, RPS1, RPS17, SHM1, CYP5, and RPL21C, which influence plant host preference in response to pathogens. Moreover, we identified novel hub genes with unknown functions that potentially interact with the genes involved in defense responses and host preference. This study presents the first systems biology analysis of barley transcriptomic responses to heterotroph/biotroph cross-talk focusing on the preference and performance of Rhopalosiphum padi. Our findings suggest critical insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying barley defense responses and identify valuable candidate genes to developing pathogen resistance genotypes in agricultural systems.
Journal Article
Networking in the Plant Microbiome
Almost all higher organisms, including plants, insects, and mammals, are colonized by complex microbial communities and harbor a microbiome. Emerging studies with plants reveal that these microbiomes are structured and form complex, interconnected microbial networks. Within these networks, different taxa have different roles, and keystone species have been identified that could be crucial for plant health and ecosystem functioning. A new paper in this issue of PLOS Biology by Agler et al. highlights the presence of microbial hubs in these networks that may act as mediators between the plant and its microbiome. A next major frontier is now to link microbiome composition to function. In order to do this, we present a number of hypothetical examples of how microbiome diversity and function potentially influence host performance.
Journal Article
Pseudomonas syringae: what it takes to be a pathogen
Pseudomonas syringae is one of the best-studied plant pathogens and serves as a model for understanding host-microorganism interactions, bacterial virulence mechanisms and host adaptation of pathogens as well as microbial evolution, ecology and epidemiology. Comparative genomic studies have identified key genomic features that contribute to P. syringae virulence. P. syringae has evolved two main virulence strategies: suppression of host immunity and creation of an aqueous apoplast to form its niche in the phyllosphere. In addition, external environmental conditions such as humidity profoundly influence infection. P. syringae may serve as an excellent model to understand virulence and also of how pathogenic microorganisms integrate environmental conditions and plant microbiota to become ecologically robust and diverse pathogens of the plant kingdom.
Journal Article
Emergence of wheat blast in Bangladesh was caused by a South American lineage of Magnaporthe oryzae
Background
In February 2016, a new fungal disease was spotted in wheat fields across eight districts in Bangladesh. The epidemic spread to an estimated 15,000 hectares, about 16 % of the cultivated wheat area in Bangladesh, with yield losses reaching up to 100 %. Within weeks of the onset of the epidemic, we performed transcriptome sequencing of symptomatic leaf samples collected directly from Bangladeshi fields.
Results
Reinoculation of seedlings with strains isolated from infected wheat grains showed wheat blast symptoms on leaves of wheat but not rice. Our phylogenomic and population genomic analyses revealed that the wheat blast outbreak in Bangladesh was most likely caused by a wheat-infecting South American lineage of the blast fungus
Magnaporthe oryzae
.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that genomic surveillance can be rapidly applied to monitor plant disease outbreaks and provide valuable information regarding the identity and origin of the infectious agent.
Journal Article