Explore the vast range of titles available.

Rhododendronmariesii Hemsley et Wilson, 1907, a typical member of the family Ericaeae, possesses valuable medicinal and horticultural properties. In this research, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of R.mariesii was sequenced and assembled, which proved to be a typical quadripartite structure with the length of 203,480 bp. In particular, the lengths of the large single copy region (LSC), small single copy region (SSC), and inverted repeat regions (IR) were 113,715 bp, 7,953 bp, and 40,918 bp, respectively. Among the 151 unique genes, 98 were protein-coding genes, 8 were tRNA genes, and 45 were rRNA genes. The structural characteristics of the R.mariesiicp genome was similar to other angiosperms. Leucine was the most representative amino acid, while cysteine was the lowest representative. Totally, 30 codons showed obvious codon usage bias, and most were A/U-ending codons. Six highly variable regions were observed, such as trnK-pafI and atpE-rpoB, which could serve as potential markers for future barcoding and phylogenetic research of R.mariesii species. Coding regions were more conserved than non-coding regions. Expansion and contraction in the IR region might be the main length variation in R.mariesii and related Ericaeae species. Maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis revealed that R.mariesii was relatively closed to the R.simsii Planchon, 1853 and R.pulchrum Sweet,1831. This research will supply rich genetic resource for R.mariesii and related species of the Ericaeae.Rhododendronmariesii Hemsley et Wilson, 1907, a typical member of the family Ericaeae, possesses valuable medicinal and horticultural properties. In this research, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of R.mariesii was sequenced and assembled, which proved to be a typical quadripartite structure with the length of 203,480 bp. In particular, the lengths of the large single copy region (LSC), small single copy region (SSC), and inverted repeat regions (IR) were 113,715 bp, 7,953 bp, and 40,918 bp, respectively. Among the 151 unique genes, 98 were protein-coding genes, 8 were tRNA genes, and 45 were rRNA genes. The structural characteristics of the R.mariesiicp genome was similar to other angiosperms. Leucine was the most representative amino acid, while cysteine was the lowest representative. Totally, 30 codons showed obvious codon usage bias, and most were A/U-ending codons. Six highly variable regions were observed, such as trnK-pafI and atpE-rpoB, which could serve as potential markers for future barcoding and phylogenetic research of R.mariesii species. Coding regions were more conserved than non-coding regions. Expansion and contraction in the IR region might be the main length variation in R.mariesii and related Ericaeae species. Maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis revealed that R.mariesii was relatively closed to the R.simsii Planchon, 1853 and R.pulchrum Sweet,1831. This research will supply rich genetic resource for R.mariesii and related species of the Ericaeae.

Aim To understand how functional traits and evolutionary history shape the geographic distribution of plant life on Earth, we need to integrate high‐quality and global‐scale distribution data with functional and phylogenetic information. Large‐scale distribution data for plants are, however, often restricted to either certain taxonomic groups or geographic regions. Range maps only exist for a small subset of all plant species and digitally available point‐occurrence information is biased both geographically and taxonomically. Floras and checklists represent an alternative, yet rarely used potential source of information. They contain highly curated information about the species composition of a clearly defined area, and together virtually cover the entire global land surface. Here, we report on our recent efforts to mobilize this information for macroecological and biogeographical analyses in the GIFT database, the Global Inventory of Floras and Traits. Location Global. Taxon Land plants (Embryophyta). Methods GIFT integrates plant distributions from regional Floras and checklists with functional traits, phylogenetic information, and region‐level geographic, environmental and socio‐economic data. It contains information about the floristic status (native, endemic, alien and naturalized) and takes advantage of the wealth of trait information in the regional Floras, complemented by data from global trait databases. Results GIFT 1.0 holds species lists for 2,893 regions across the whole globe including ~315,000 taxonomically standardized species names (i.e. c. 80% of all known land plant species) and ~3 million species‐by‐region occurrences. Based on a hierarchical and taxonomical derivation scheme, GIFT contains information for 83 functional traits and more than 2.3 million trait‐by‐species combinations and achieves unprecedented coverage in categorical traits such as woodiness (~233,000 spp.) or growth form (~213,000 spp.). Main conclusions Here, we present the structure, content and automated workflows of GIFT and a corresponding web‐interface (http://gift.uni-goettingen.de) as proof of concept for the feasibility and potential of mobilizing aggregated biodiversity data for global macroecological and biogeographical research.

The cytogenetic relationships in the species of Cucurbitaceae are becoming immensely important to answer questions pertaining to genome evolution. Here, a simplified and updated data resource on cytogenetics of Cucurbitaceae is presented on the basis of foundational parameters (basic, zygotic and gametic chromosome numbers, ploidy, genome size, karyotype) and molecular cytogenetics. We have revised and collated our own findings on seven agriculturally important Indian cucurbit species in a comparative account with the globally published reports. Chromosome count (of around 19% species) shows nearly three-fold differences while genome size (of nearly 5% species) shows 5.84-fold differences across the species. There is no significant correlation between chromosome numbers and nuclear genome sizes. The possible trend of evolution is discussed here based on molecular cytogenetics data, especially the types and distribution of nucleolus organizer regions (NORs). The review supersedes the scopes of general chromosome databases and invites scopes for continuous updates. The offline resource serves as an exclusive toolkit for research and breeding communities across the globe and also opens scope for future establishment of web-database on Cucurbitaceae cytogenetics

The conservation status of most plant species is currently unknown, despite the fundamental role of plants in ecosystem health. To facilitate the costly process of conservation assessment, we developed a predictive protocol using a machine-learning approach to predict conservation status of over 150,000 land plant species. Our study uses open-source geographic, environmental, and morphological trait data, making this the largest assessment of conservation risk to date and the only global assessment for plants. Our results indicate that a large number of unassessed species are likely at risk and identify several geographic regions with the highest need of conservation efforts, many of which are not currently recognized as regions of global concern. By providing conservation-relevant predictions at multiple spatial and taxonomic scales, predictive frameworks such as the one developed here fill a pressing need for biodiversity science.

Smith in Sibthorp et Smith, 1806 is diploid grass with MM genome constitution occurring mainly in Greece. Two morphologically distinct subspecies - Chennaveeraiah, 1960 and (Holzmann ex Boissier) Eig, 1929 are discriminated within , however, genetic and karyotypic bases of their divergence are not fully understood. We used Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with repetitive DNA probes and electrophoretic analysis of gliadins to characterize the genome and karyotype of to assess the level of their genetic diversity and uncover mechanisms leading to radiation of subspecies. We show that two subspecies differ in size and morphology of chromosomes 3M and 6M, which can be due to reciprocal translocation. Subspecies also differ in the amount and distribution of microsatellite and satellite DNA sequences, the number and position of minor NORs, especially on 3M and 6M, and gliadin spectra mainly in the a-zone. Frequent occurrence of hybrids can be caused by open pollination, which, along with genetic heterogeneity of accessions and, probably, the lack of geographic or genetic barrier between the subspecies, may contribute to extremely broad intraspecific variation of GAA and gliadin patterns in , which are usually not observed in endemic plant species.

Linnaeus, 1753, the largest genus of woody plants in the Northern Hemisphere, includes some of the most significant species in horticulture. Hemsl, 1911, a member of subsection Triflora Sleumer 1947, exemplifies typical alpine species. The analysis of the complete chloroplast genome of offers new insights into the evolution of species and enhances the resolution of phylogenetic relationships. This genome is composed of 207,478 base pairs, including a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 47,249 bp each, separated by a large single-copy (LSC) region of 110,367 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 2,613 bp. It contains 110 genes: 77 protein-coding genes, 29 tRNAs, four unique rRNAs (4.5S, 5S, 16S, and 23S), with 16 genes duplicated in the IRs. Comparative analyses reveal substantial diversity in the chloroplast genome structures, identifying a fourth variant pattern. Specifically, four highly divergent regions ( , , , ) were noted in the intergenic spacers. Additionally, 76 simple sequence repeats were identified. Positive selection signals were detected in four genes ( , , , and ), evidenced by high Ka/Ks ratios. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on two datasets (shared protein-coding genes and complete chloroplast genomes) suggests that is closely related to Hemsley, 1889. However, the phylogenetic positions of subsection Triflora Pojarkova, 1952 species remain unresolved, indicating that the use of complete chloroplast genomes for phylogenetic research in requires careful consideration. Overall, our findings provide valuable genetic information that will enhance understanding of the evolution, molecular biology, and genetic improvement of spieces.

Saltmarshes are extremely valuable but often overlooked ecosystems, contributing to livelihoods locally and globally through the associated ecosystem services they provide, including fish production, carbon storage and coastal protection. Despite their importance, knowledge of the current spatial distribution (occurrence and extent) of saltmarshes is incomplete. In light of increasing anthropogenic and environmental pressures on coastal ecosystems, global data on the occurrence and extent of saltmarshes are needed to draw attention to these critical ecosystems and to the benefits they generate for people. Such data can support resource management, strengthen decision-making and facilitate tracking of progress towards global conservation targets set by multilateral environmental agreements, such as the Aichi Biodiversity Targets of the United Nations' (UN's) Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, the Sustainable Development Goals of the UN's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Ramsar Convention. Here, we present the most complete dataset on saltmarsh occurrence and extent at the global scale. This dataset collates 350,985 individual occurrences of saltmarshes and presents the first global estimate of their known extent. The dataset captures locational and contextual data for saltmarsh in 99 countries worldwide. A total of 5,495,089 hectares of mapped saltmarsh across 43 countries and territories are represented in a Geographic Information Systems polygon shapefile. This estimate is at the relatively low end of previous estimates (2.2-40 Mha), however, we took the conservative approach in the mapping exercise and there are notable areas in Canada, Northern Russia, South America and Africa where saltmarshes are known to occur that require additional spatial data. Nevertheless, the most extensive saltmarsh worldwide are found outside the tropics, notably including the low-lying, ice-free coasts, bays and estuaries of the North Atlantic which are well represented in our global polygon dataset. Therefore, despite the gaps, we believe that, while incomplete, our global polygon data cover many of the important areas in Europe, the USA and Australia.

The process of ecological speciation has not been considered in great detail. We can gain a new perspective on this process by viewing new species as successful invaders, and by using invasive species as a model system for understanding the early stages of speciation. I propose that ecological species may be polyphyletic, and undergo genetic differentiation early in their histories. I also note that there are formidable genetic obstacles to ecological speciation. The rate of speciation is dependent on geographical and ecological variables, as are rates of invasions by exotic species. Ecological opportunity is the key for speciation and invasion; and it is most often found on young islands. In general there are no traits that presage which exotic species will be the best invaders of natural areas. Thus it would be difficult to predict which traits foster ecological speciation. Herbaceous plants are more invasive and have higher rates of diversification than woody plants.

F. Seid. is an endemic and threatened tree from the Philippines. The species was previously described to exclusively thrive in the Tabunan Forest of the Central Cebu Protected Landscape. Due to its narrow geographic distribution and threats from land conversion, slash-and-burn activities and non-regulated wood harvesting by locals, was assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) under criteria B1a and B1b (as well as B2a and B2b) of the IUCN Red List in 2013. The present study provides new additional locations of in the Municipalities of Argao and Minglanilla in Cebu along with population data and habitat characteristics for each site. Although new populations of were discovered, it remains at significant risk of extinction in its natural habitat. Urgent and comprehensive conservation efforts are imperative to prevent its extinction. This paper provides the updated distribution map of F. Seid, a critically endangered endemic species in the Philippines showing five (5) distribution records.

A.Chev. ex Lecomte (Ebenaceae), a native evergreen tree in Vietnam, has important economic and ecological values. The absence of effective and reliable molecular markers has hampered the study of genetic diversity and population structure, even though it is an endemic and endangered species. Therefore, significant enrichment of genomic resources is urgently needed to uncover and better understand the genetic architecture of . This study aims to demonstrate an efficient and reliable tool to explore the polymorphism within germplasm. It provides a valuable platform for the breeding and conservation of this species and other endangered species worldwide. The Illumina HiSeq™ 4000 sequencing technology was applied for the transcriptomic analysis, genetic differentiation and population structure of in Vietnam. In this study, the transcriptomes of were analysed using the Illumina HiSeq 4000 sequencing system and a total of 5,588,615,700 base pairs were generated. assembly indicated that 91,134 unigenes were generated (average length = 645.55 bp, N50 = 957 bp, Q20 = 98.08% and Q30 = 94.51%). A total of 92,798 and 21,134 unigenes had significant similarities amongst Nr and Swiss-Prot, respectively. In the GO database, 19,929 unigenes were annotated and these genes were divided into three major categories and 50 subcategories. In the KOG analysis, 18,499 unigenes were annotated and divided into 25 gene function categories. In the KEGG analysis, 12,017 unigenes were annotated. According to the related pathways involved, they could be classified into 56 subclasses. In this study, we have identified a total of 9,391 EST-SSR markers. Ten microsatellite loci were employed to assess the genetic diversity and structure of 82 adult trees across three populations in Vietnam. The results indicated moderate levels of genetic diversity with = 0.77, = 3.9, = 2.8, = 0.56 and = 0.58 and the fixation index value was recorded as positive for three populations (NS, NH and CP). Genetic differentiation among populations was low (F = 0.045), suggesting limited gene flow (Nm = 5.34). This result indicates gene exchange between the populations of ancient from different geographical areas and regions. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that high genetic variation existed within individuals (91%) compared to amongst populations (4%). Genetic structure analysis, DAPC and the NJ tree indicated that the three populations were divided into three main clusters. With this study, we provide a molecular resoureces for the breeding and conservation of .