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Information on the effects of management practices on soybean seed composition is scarce. Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate the effects of planting date (PD) and seeding rate (SR) on seed composition (protein, oil, fatty acids, and sugars) and seed minerals (B, P, and Fe) in soybean grown in two row-types (RTs) on the Mississippi Delta region of the Midsouth USA. Two field experiments were conducted in 2009 and 2010 on Sharkey clay and Beulah fine sandy loam soil at Stoneville, MS, USA, under irrigated conditions. Soybean were grown in 102 cm single-rows and 25 cm twin-rows in 102 cm centers at SRs of 20, 30, 40, and 50 seeds m(-2). The results showed that in May and June planting, protein, glucose, P, and B concentrations increased with increased SR, but at the highest SRs (40 and 50 seeds m(-2)), the concentrations remained constant or declined. Palmitic, stearic, and linoleic acid concentrations were the least responsive to SR increases. Early planting resulted in higher oil, oleic acid, sucrose, B, and P on both single and twin-rows. Late planting resulted in higher protein and linolenic acid, but lower oleic acid and oil concentrations. The changes in seed constituents could be due to changes in environmental factors (drought and temperature), and nutrient accumulation in seeds and leaves. The increase of stachyose sugar in 2010 may be due to a drier year and high temperature in 2010 compared to 2009; suggesting the possible role of stachyose as an environmental stress compound. Our research demonstrated that PD, SR, and RT altered some seed constituents, but the level of alteration in each year dependent on environmental factors such as drought and temperature. This information benefits growers and breeders for considering agronomic practices to select for soybean seed nutritional qualities under drought and high heat conditions.

The study evaluates the impact of Bacillus subtilis biofertilizer and different planting dates on soybean, (cultivar Shaimaa), yield and quality. Randomized complete block design (RCBD)was used, incorporating the first factor includes 3 levels of biofertilizer application (0, 5, and 10 kg/ha). While, the second factor included four planting dates—May 10, May 20, May 31, and June 10, 2024. The findings of the study revealed the following. Bio-fertilization treatment outperformed in all practiced traits except for the number of seeds per pod and the oil percentage, where no significant differences were observed among its treatments. Second planting date excelled in the following mentioned qualities: (Number of horns) and weight of one hundred grains, recording values of (174.78 pods/plant and 17.57 g). The third planting date surpassed others in total grain yield, harvest index, and protein percentage, with values of (6.17 tons/ha, 48.89%, and 39.99%, respectively). The two-factor interaction between the third planting date and the 10 kg/ha biofertilizer treatment showed significant superiority in total seed yield and protein percentage, recording (6.65 tons/ha and 41.56%), while the combination of the second planting date and the 5 kg/ha biofertilizer treatment excelled in the traits of Quantity of pods, weight of 100 pods, oil percentage, and harvest indexwith values of (195.33 pods/plant, 19.13 g, 52.42%, and 21.44%, respectively).

The research was carried out at the Horticultural Research Station of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture at Tikrit University/College of Agriculture during the 2024 agricultural season to examine the impact of three planting dates (February 24, March 2, March 10) on the growth and yield of two eggplant cultivars (Chintu and AS-16). The experiment utilized a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates, and the means were analyzed using Duncan’s multiple range test at a significance threshold of P≤0.5 via the SAS program. The results indicated substantial differences among cultivars, dates, and their interaction, with the Chintu cultivar exhibiting the greatest plant height and leaf count, whereas the AS-16 cultivar excelled in main stem diameter and leaf area. The date of 24/2 recorded the highest values in most vegetative development characteristics, however the values diminished on the date of 10/3. The interaction between Chintu and 24/2 exhibited superior values for the majority of vegetative parameters in comparison to other interactions. Regarding production characteristics, AS-16 surpassed Chintu in both fruit quantity and overall yield per plant, however Chintu exhibited a reduced fruit weight per individual fruit in comparison to AS-16. 24/2 exhibited the greatest figures for fruit quantity and overall production, but values progressively diminished for 2/3 and 10/3. The interaction between AS-16 and 24/2 yielded the highest fruit number and overall production, whereas Chintu and 10/3 exhibited the lowest values.

The field experiment was conducted during the 2024-2025 agricultural season in farmers’ fields in Nineveh Governorate at two locations: the first in Omar Qabji village/Ba’shiqah sub-district, and the second in Al-Qunsiyah village/Al-Ahmidat sub-district. The study aimed to determine the role of planting dates and seeding rates and their effect on the growth and productivity of triticale. The experiment was implemented using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a split-plot arrangement. The study included two factors: the first being three planting dates (20 Nov., 20 Dec., 20 Jan.) assigned to the main plots, and the second being three seeding rates (120, 160, 200 kg ha−1) assigned to the sub-plots, with three replications. The results showed the superiority of the second planting date (20 Dec.) at both Omar Qabji and Al-Qunsiyah locations for the following traits: number of grains per spike (58.15, 60.04 grains spike−1), number of spikes (620.22, 546.52 spikes m−2), biological yield (2640.9, 1959.9 g m−2), and grain yield (1206.51, 784.29 g m−2), respectively. The seeding rate of 200 kg ha−1 outperformed other rates at both locations for tiller number (779.11, 625.93 tillers m−2), number of spikes (574.89, 506.22 spikes m−2), biological yield (2477.0, 1819.3 g m−2), and grain yield (1056.53, 627.44 g m−2), respectively. The study concluded that the second planting date (20 Dec.) combined with a seeding rate of 200 kg ha−1 had a positive effect in increasing most yield traits and productivity of triticale.

To assemble a data set of global crop planting and harvesting dates for 19 major crops, explore spatial relationships between planting date and climate for two of them, and compare our analysis with a review of the literature on factors that drive decisions on planting dates. Global. We digitized and georeferenced existing data on crop planting and harvesting dates from six sources. We then examined relationships between planting dates and temperature, precipitation and potential evapotranspiration using 30-year average climatologies from the Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia (CRU CL 2.0). We present global planting date patterns for maize, spring wheat and winter wheat (our full, publicly available data set contains planting and harvesting dates for 19 major crops). Maize planting in the northern mid-latitudes generally occurs in April and May. Daily average air temperatures are usually c. 12-17 °C at the time of maize planting in these regions, although soil moisture often determines planting date more directly than does temperature. Maize planting dates vary more widely in tropical regions. Spring wheat is usually planted at cooler temperatures than maize, between c. 8 and 14 °C in temperate regions. Winter wheat is generally planted in September and October in the northern mid-latitudes. In temperate regions, spatial patterns of maize and spring wheat planting dates can be predicted reasonably well by assuming a fixed temperature at planting. However, planting dates in lower latitudes and planting dates of winter wheat are more difficult to predict from climate alone. In part this is because planting dates may be chosen to ensure a favourable climate during a critical growth stage, such as flowering, rather than to ensure an optimal climate early in the crop's growth. The lack of predictability is also due to the pervasive influence of technological and socio-economic factors on planting dates.

Late planting due to erratic onset of the rainy season is becoming more frequent in the Sahelo-Sudanian climate where cotton is grown, causing seed cotton yield (SCY) loss and higher risk of drought at the end of the crop cycle. Therefore, cultivars should be adapted to late (from July 10) planting date (PD) in Senegal. The aim of this study was to analyse the interaction between genotypes and PD on SCY in Senegal under rainfed conditions. Field experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 using a split-plot design (two PDs, eight cultivars) at three experimental stations. Robust analysis of SCY was used to moderate the effect of potential outliers. The average SCY was 1404 kg/ha under early planting, and 714 kg/ha under late planting. The best SCY was obtained under early planting conditions, in environments with good rainfall. The loss due to late planting was significantly affected by cultivar choice. None of the cultivars performed best under both early and late PD. Under early PD, cultivar CS 50 gave the best SCY, while under late PD it was cultivar IRMA Q302. The best performing cultivar on average depended on the proportion of early plantings. A model was developed to identify the best overall cultivar based on the expected proportion of early planting, as a decision support tool for the cotton development company, if only one cultivar is released. The benefit of releasing a second cultivar for late-planted fields is considered.

An experiment was carried out on the extension farm of the extension center in Baladruz district in the fall season of 2023, with the aim of studying nine varieties of corn, namely (Al-Maha, Cadz, American Miami, American BioNTech, Ronaldino, PC Serbian, TORRO, KWS and German Deco Nester) with three planting dates (20 June. 5 July and 20 July). Using Randomized Complete Block Design in a split-plot arrangement, the main plots included planting dates while the varieties were in the secondary plots. The results showed that the Ronaldino variety was superior in terms of the lowest number of days to tasseling and silk, and the thermal accumulations to tasseling and silk reached (46.0 days, 52.3 days, 1249.0°C, and 1402.1°C), while the German Deco Nester excelled in the number of grains per row, which reached (33.9)grains, and Torro Variety in weight 500 grains (170.9) grams, and excelled The two variety Kws and German Deco Nester had a fertility rate of (90.0% and 92.2%). The PC Serbian variety was superior in grain yield,(9033) kg ha -1 . As for planting dates, the planting date of 20 July was superior in most of the studied traits, Ronaldinho recorded the lowest number to tasseling and silk in 20 July (45.0 days, 51.0 days), and the thermal accumulation for them was (1247.7)C °and (1280.2) C°, respectively. It is noted that the German Deco Nester was superior in yield in all planting dates due to the high fertility rate and its excellence in grain yield components.

In the fall of 2022 A.D., researchers in Salah al-Din Governorate’s Al-Dour district sprayed safflower plants with potassium silicates at varying concentrations and planted them at different times to see how the plants’ yield traits changed. The first of the two components of the experiment was a solution of potassium silicates in varying volumes (0, 200, and 400 ml). Using the symbols (B0, B1, and B2), the first part is the L -1 . Second, there are four separate planting dates, which make up the second component. The symbols (A1, A2, A3 and A4) stand for the dates 1/11, 15/11, 1/12 and 15/12, respectively. Findings showed that the binary interaction treatment B2A1, which included potassium silicate spraying and planting dates, yielded the best results in terms of disc diameter, total seed yield (2.6 cm), number of discs per plant (39), number of seeds per disc (31), weight of 1000 seeds (41 g), and tons per hectare (4.3 ton).

Crop planting dates control the yield and cropping intensity of rainfed agriculture, and modifying planting dates can be a major adaptation strategy under climate change. However, shifts in rainfall seasonality may constrain farmers’ ability to adapt planting dates, and imperfect knowledge of how farmers currently select planting dates makes it difficult to predict how adaptations will proceed. This study analyzes variations in soybean planting and wet season onset dates across the agricultural state of Mato Grosso (MT), Brazil, for 2004 to 2014. It starts by exploring the strength of relationships between planting date and several precipitation-based definitions of the wet season onset, and shows that planting date is better correlated to easily observed onset definitions based on rainfall frequency than to climatological definitions. Next, a regression analysis shows that the sensitivity of planting dates to wet season onset exhibits large variations with cropping intensity and across farm fields, and that planting dates trended earlier over the study period, independently of onset variations. Finally, the results are used to predict soy planting dates in Mato Grosso under the RCP 8.5 climate scenario. Predictions show that planting dates will likely become delayed relative to preferred times, and that this may preclude double cropping in some parts of the state. This study demonstrates that the simple assumptions about farmers’ behavior often used in agricultural forecasting omit important spatio-temporal variations. Improved understanding of planting choices can reduce uncertainty in projected agricultural responses to climate change and highlight important areas for policy and agronomic adaptation.

Late planting dates can significantly reduce soybean yield due to fluctuations in soybean stem fly infestation levels in soybean crops. A two-year study was carried out at ARC, Giza, Egypt during 2020 and 2021 summer seasons to assess varietal performance to the infestation of soybean stem flies during three planting dates. Comparing to planting soybeans in mid-June, planting soybeans in mid-May resulted in increased days to maturity by 6.29% in the first season and 8.04% in the second season, increased seed yield per plot by 12.88% in the first season and 10.94% in the second season, and improved yield attributes such as 100-seed weight and pods per plant. Planting Giza 111 and Giza 35 in mid-May produced 2.78 and 2.75 kg/plot in the first season, and 2.40 and 2.43 kg/plot in the second season, respectively, with minimal stem fly infestation (52.77 and 47.49% damage reduction in the first season, and 40.00 and 39.94% damage reduction in the second season, respectively). Planting Dr-101 in mid-June produced 2.45 and 2.31 kg/plot in the first and second seasons, respectively, with minimal stem fly infestation (20.93 and 12.34% damage reduction in the first and second seasons, respectively). Planting Giza 111 and Giza 35 in mid-May is the best approach to maximize seed yield while reducing damage from soybean stem flies. Alternatively, planting Dr-101 in mid-June could also be a suitable option for achieving high yields with minimal pest infestation.