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\"John Harris, head gardener at Tresillian Estate in Cornwall, imparts his abundance of horticulture knowledge, specifically focusing on how to garden using the moon's cycles\"-- Provided by publisher.

Background Optimum planting date and appropriate fertilizer module are essential facets of chrysanthemum cultivation, to enhance quality yield, and improve soil health. A field-based study was undertaken over multiple growing seasons in 2022 and 2023, where six different planting dates, viz., P 1 :June 15, P 2 :June 30, P 3 :July 15, P 4 :July 30, P 5 :August 15 and P 6 :August 30 and two fertilizer modules, FM 1 :Jeevamrit @ 30 ml plant −1 and FM 2 :NPK @ 30 g m −2 were systematically examined using a Randomized Block Design (factorial), replicated thrice. Results P 6 planting resulted in early bud formation (44.03 days) and harvesting stage (90.78 days). Maximum plant height (79.44 cm), plant spread (34.04 cm), cut stem length (68.40 cm), flower diameter (7.83 cm), stem strength (19.38˚), vase life (14.90 days), flowering duration (24.08 days), available soil N (314 kg ha −1 ), available P (37 kg ha −1 ), available K (347 kg ha −1 ), bacterial count (124.87 × 10 7  cfu g −1 soil), actinomycetes count (60.72 × 10 2  cfu g −1 soil), fungal count (30.95 × 10 2  cfu g −1 soil), microbial biomass (48.79 µg g −1 soil), dehydrogenase enzyme (3.64 mg TPF h −1  g −1 soil) and phosphatase enzyme (23.79 mol PNP h −1  g −1 soil) was recorded in P 1 planting. Among the fertilization module, minimum days to bud formation (74.94 days) and days to reach the harvesting stage (120.95 days) were recorded with the application of NPK @30 g m −2 . However, maximum plant height (60.62 cm), plant spread (23.10 cm), number of cut stems m −2 (43.88), cut stem length (51.34 cm), flower diameter (6.92 cm), stem strength (21.24˚), flowering duration (21.75 days), available soil N (317 kg ha −1 ), available P (37 kg ha −1 ) and available K (349 kg ha −1 ) were also recorded with the application of NPK @300 kg ha −1 . Maximum vase life (13.87 days), OC (1.13%), bacterial count (131.65 × 10 7  cfu g −1 soil), actinomycetes count (60.89 × 10 2  cfu g −1 soil), fungal count (31.11 × 10 2  cfu g −1 soil), microbial biomass (51.27 µg g −1 soil), dehydrogenase enzyme (3.77 mg TPF h −1  g −1 soil) and phosphatase enzyme (21.72 mol PNP h −1  g −1 soil) were observed with the application of Jeevamrit @ 30 ml plant −1 . Conclusion Early planting (P 1 ) and inorganic fertilization (NPK @ 30 g m −2 ) resulted in improved yield and soil macronutrient content. The soil microbial population and enzymatic activity were improved with the jeevamrit application. This approach highlights the potential for improved yield and soil health in chrysanthemum cultivation, promoting a more eco-friendly and economically viable agricultural model.

Global warming causes plant stress and reduces crop productivity. Cultivation of the warmer region crop sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) in Northern regions can be an opportunity to benefit from climate warming, but there is little information of how growing season length interacts with agricultural practices such as nitrogen (N) fertilization. We studied the photosynthetic characteristics, biomass accumulation, carbon (C) and N contents of plant organs of the cultivar ‘Purple Bud’ in relation to the planting date (the 2nd of May, 10th of May, 20th of May, 30th of May and 10th of June) and N fertilization (kg ha -1 ; N0, N50, N100 and N150). Nitrogen content of leaves ( N L ) and tubers ( N T ) increased with N application dose and was moderately affected by planting time. Despite the fertilization-dependent increase of leaf N content, photosynthesis rate ( A ) was unaffected or somewhat reduced by N fertilization. This reflected reductions in stomatal conductance ( g s ) and ratio of intercellular CO 2 to ambient CO 2 ( C i / C a ), suggesting that enhanced N availability and concomitant increase in whole plant area resulted in reduced plant water availability. The highest values of leaf C/N ratio, tuber to root mass ratio and dry weight content of roots ( DW R ) were found in N0 plants and the ones planted on the 10th of May and 20th of May. Our results collectively demonstrate that the growth and productivity of sweet potato is strongly dependent on the length of the growing season, and can be further constrained by utilization efficiency of N. We conclude that future research should focus on optimum sweet potato cultivation technologies at Northern latitudes.

From 2010 to 2014 two trials were performed to assess the effect of sowing date (SD1, SD2) and irrigation treatments (IT1, IT2) on the growth of chia in central Chile, measuring leaf area (LA) and dry matter (DM) as primary parameters and relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf weight ratio (LWR), crop growth rate (CGR) and specific leaf weight (SLW) as secondary parameters. Both LA and DM reached maximum values between 640 and 1150 accumulated degree days (ADD). However, LA and DM were 25% greater for sowing dates than for available water. Flowering date was also not affected by sowing date or water availability; plants flowered at 1140 and 942 ADD in SD1 and SD2 respectively, and at 499 ADD in the water availability trial. Sowing date had a significant effect on RGR 0.15 g g.sup.-1 d.sup.-1 for SD1 and 0.12 g g.sup.-1 d.sup.-1 for SD2 at 410 ADD. Greater water availability increased RGR by 60% compared to stressed plants, however NAR was similar between sowing dates with a tendency to greater values in SD2 plants; maximum values were recorded at 514 ADD in IT1 and IT2, with a tendency toward higher values in IT1. Thus, the primary growth variables LA, DM and flowering are genetically determined. However, the derived growth variables RGR, LWR, NAR, CGR and SLW were affected by sowing date and water availability, with significant differences at p[less than or equal to] 0.05. The results showed that the sowing date and water availability influence significantly the growth parameters. The physiological component (NAR) show a strong influence on the growth rate of the chia (RGR), above the morphological component (SLW and LAR).

This study examined how using zinc oxide, time, and place of planting influence important biochemical and physiological characteristics that affect crop yield. Zinc is an essential micronutrient that increases enzyme activity, regulates plant hormones, and enhances stress tolerance under varying environmental conditions, so it is important to supplement with zinc. The results of the study found that the optimum planting time (October), seed yield is highest with moderate zinc oxide levels (2.5 ppm) and structural growth characteristics such as the number of nodes and pods per plant, etc. On the other hand, zinc oxide concentration is higher (5 ppm), improving various characteristics such as root length and plant height, and the growing situation at the end of the period demonstrates efficiency. Although this will have a limited impact on overall productivity. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis revealed different efficacy patterns between treatments. Highlighting the important interactions between nutrient management, planting time, and location, correlation analysis revealed strong relationships between seed yield and traits such as site germination rate and number of nodes. This emphasizes the physiological interdependence that drives productivity. These findings provide practical insights into optimizing zinc oxide use and planting strategies to increase plant growth and resilience under various conditions.

Due to high temperatures in arid regions, cotton crop emergence and early establishment of seedlings are adversely affected. Field studies were undertaken to quantify the effects of transplantation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedlings during the early part of the growing season (March) and crop season (May) for potential realization of cotton productivity under the harsh weather of the southern part of Punjab province, Pakistan. Treatments, consisting of (a) two planting dates (March and May), and (b) two sowing methods (transplanting of seedlings and direct seeding), were arranged in a randomized complete-block design with four replications. Results showed that transplanting seedlings improved the productivity of cotton by 14.2% over direct seeding. Productivity was also increased substantially (34.8%) by planting during March over May sowing. The practice of planting cotton by transplanting seedlings and early sowing could be successfully adapted in areas where high temperatures coincide with the May planting and peak blooming periods in different cotton growing areas.

Planting of seedlings is the most reliable and speedy way of forest restoration. Routine spring planting of bareroot seedlings is frequently unsuccessful in central Europe. In this study, the effects of planting time and a spring-pre-planting application of ectomycorrhiza-hydrogel additive Ectovit and hydrogel Stockosorb on the development of bareroot and container Norway spruce and Scots pine seedlings on windthrow area in Western Carpathians, northwest Slovakia were estimated. Survival and aboveground growth parameters during three consecutive years and root dry weight, short root frequency, soil and needle nutrients concentration and ectomycorrhizal fungi root colonization and identification 2 years after planting were assessed. Regardless of planting time and additive, the best developed bareroot spruce (2 + 2) survived significantly better than container spruce (2 + 0), container pine (2 + 0) and especially small-size bareroot pine (1 + 0); bareroot pine was found unsuitable for planting in conditions of planting site. Both additives improved survival of spring-planted container spruce in the summer-drought second year after planting. Container spruce survived and grew significantly better following fall compared to spring planting time. Higher number of short roots was observed in spring than in fall planted bareroot spruce. Neither planting time nor additives affected root dry weight and abundance of ectomycorrhizae. No significant effects of the treatments on pine development were found. Except of K deficiency in container spruce, sufficient or overabundant foliar macro-nutrients concentration was detected. Visual morphotyping of short roots and identification of ectomycorrhizae by DNA analysis indicated inefficient ectomycorrhizal inoculation of seedlings with Ectovit.

The article presents the influence of sowing dates and schemes on grain yield structure and yield of Lazzat and Malhotra varieties of chickpeas in drought-condition farming. Abundant and high-quality grain harvest from chickpeas directly depends on the correct determination of the optimal planting period and schemes. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of planting periods and schemes on the structure and productivity of chickpea varieties in the conditions of typical gray soils of the lowland-hilly region. In the research, the indicators of grain yield structure and yield of pea varieties were observed in Lazzat and Malhotra varieties when planted in early spring 20.02 in the 60x15x1 scheme, that is, the elements of the grain yield structure, the number of pods and grains per plant, were found to be higher compared to the control option 60x6x1 scheme. In the article, the impact of planting periods and schemes of Lazzat and Malhotra varieties of chickpeas included in the State Register of Agricultural Crops on the grain yield structure and productivity was studied and recommendations were made based on the experimental results. Keywords: soil, chickpea, Lazzat, Malhotra, variety, seed, legume, grain, yield, structure, productivity, planting time, planting scheme, plain-hilly region.

Observations of a longer growing season through earlier plant growth in temperate to polar regions have been thought to be a response to climate warming (1-5). However, data from experimental warming studies indicate that many species that initiate leaf growth and flowering earlier also reach seed maturation and senesce earlier, shortening their active and reproductive periods (6-10).A conceptual model to explain this apparent contradiction (11), and an analysis of the effect of elevated C[O.sub.2]--which can delay annual life cycle events (12-14)--on changing season length, have not been tested. Here we show that experimental warming in a temperate grassland led to a longer growing season through earlier leaf emergence by the first species to leaf, often a grass, and constant or delayed senescence by other species that were the last to senesce supporting the conceptual model. Elevated C[O.sub.2] further extended growing, but not reproductive, season length in the warmed grassland by conserving water, which enabled most species to remain active longer. Our results suggest that a longer growing season, especially in years or biomes where water is a limiting factor, is not due to warming alone, but also to higher atmospheric C[O.sub.2] concentrations that extend the active period of plant annual life cycles.