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"Plants (organisms)"
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Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms for Environmental Sustainability
Agrochemicals used to meet the needs of a rapidly growing human population can deteriorate the quality of ecosystems and are not affordable to farmers in low-resource environments. Here, we propose the use of plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) as a tool for sustainable food production without compromising ecosystems services.
Journal Article
Indolebutyric acid in \pulse\ treatment on the rooting of Luehea divaricata minicuttings/Acido indolbutirico em tratamento \pulse\ sobre o enraizamento de miniestacas de Luehea divaricata
The objective of the present research was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA) on the rooting of Luehea divaricata minicuttings under two different cultivation periods in a greenhouse environment. The minicuttings were immersed in a hydroethanolic solution containing IBA. All minicuttings survived after 30 and 60 days of cultivation. Root formation at 30 days of cultivation with 1000 mg [L.sup.-1] of IBA was 91.7%, the same rate as that observed with 4000 mg [L.sup.-1]. At the 1000 mg [L.sup.-1] concentration, the number of roots was the greatest among all treatments, with 8.42 roots per minicutting after 30 days of cultivation. After 30 days of cultivation, the formation and number of roots with the use of 1000 mg [L.sup.-1] of IBA in the \"pulse\" treatment produced the best outcome results, allowing the plants to spend less time in a greenhouse at a reduced concentration of auxin when compared with other treatments. However, to obtain higher averages of secondary root formation, root length, and number of leaves, it is necessary to increase the cultivation period to 60 days. Key words: minicutting technique, IBA, auxin, vegetative propagation. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentracoes do acido indolbutirico (AIB) em dois periodos de cultivo em casa de vegetacao sobre o enraizamento de miniestacas de Luehea divaricata. As miniestacas foram imersas por 10s em solucao hidroetanolica contendo AIB. Todas as miniestacas sobreviveram tanto apos 30 como 60 dias de cultivo. A formacao de raizes aos 30 dias com 1000 mg [L.sup.-1] de AIB foi de 91,7%, mesma media observada com 4000 mg [L.sup.-1]. Em relacao ao numero de raizes, novamente a concentracao 1000 mg [L.sup.-1]destacou-se em relacao as demais concentracoes, e ja aos 30 dias de cultivo houve 8,42 raizes por miniestaca. Aos 30 dias de cultivo, a formacao e o numero de raizes na presenca de 1000 mg [L.sup.-1] de AIB em tratamento \"pulse\" ja produz resultados satisfatorios, permitindo que as plantas permanecam menor tempo em casa de vegetacao utilizando-se uma concentracao reduzida de auxina, comparativamente aquelas que foram testadas. No entanto, para obter maiores medias de formacao de raizes secundarias, comprimento das raizes e numero de folhas e necessario prolongar o cultivo pelo periodo de 60 dias. Palavras-chave: miniestaquia, AIB, auxina, propagacao vegetativa.
Journal Article
Global assessment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus diversity reveals very low endemism
The global biogeography of microorganisms remains largely unknown, in contrast to the well-studied diversity patterns of macroorganisms. We used arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus DNA from 1014 plant-root samples collected worldwide to determine the global distribution of these plant symbionts. We found that AM fungal communities reflected local environmental conditions and the spatial distance between sites. However, despite AM fungi apparently possessing limited dispersal ability, we found 93% of taxa on multiple continents and 34% on all six continents surveyed. This contrasts with the high spatial turnover of other fungal taxa and with the endemism displayed by plants at the global scale. We suggest that the biogeography of AM fungi is driven by unexpectedly efficient dispersal, probably via both abiotic and biotic vectors, including humans.
Journal Article
Invasive species : what everyone needs to know
\"This book studies the ecology of invasive species, examining the effects that such invasions have on various types of ecosystems\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Plant signalling in symbiosis and immunity
Plants encounter a myriad of microorganisms, particularly at the root–soil interface, that can invade with detrimental or beneficial outcomes. Prevalent beneficial associations between plants and microorganisms include those that promote plant growth by facilitating the acquisition of limiting nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. But while promoting such symbiotic relationships, plants must restrict the formation of pathogenic associations. Achieving this balance requires the perception of potential invading microorganisms through the signals that they produce, followed by the activation of either symbiotic responses that promote microbial colonization or immune responses that limit it.
Journal Article
Attack of the plants
\"Next stop ... The Magic School Bus heads to the Galapagos Islands to learn about invasive species! Seat belts, everyone! The class returns from summer break to find their beloved Ms. Frizzle has been promoted and her younger sister, Fiona Frizzle, is taking her place. But Arnold is worried. What if the new Ms. Frizzle makes a mess of things? His fears come true when she takes them on a field trip and everything goes wrong! Can Arnold find a way to make it right again?\"--Jacket flap.
Book
Intracellular innate immune surveillance devices in plants and animals
The innate immune systems of both plants and animals depend on the ability to recognize pathogen-derived molecules and stimulate a defense response. Jones et al. review how that common function is achieved in such diverse kingdoms by similar molecules. The recognition system is built for hair-trigger sensitivity and constructed in a modular manner. Understanding such features could be useful in building new pathways through synthetic biology, whether for broadening disease defenses or constructing new signal-response circuits. Science , this issue p. 10.1126/science.aaf6395 Multicellular eukaryotes coevolve with microbial pathogens, which exert strong selective pressure on the immune systems of their hosts. Plants and animals use intracellular proteins of the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) superfamily to detect many types of microbial pathogens. The NLR domain architecture likely evolved independently and convergently in each kingdom, and the molecular mechanisms of pathogen detection by plant and animal NLRs have long been considered to be distinct. However, microbial recognition mechanisms overlap, and it is now possible to discern important key trans-kingdom principles of NLR-dependent immune function. Here, we attempt to articulate these principles. We propose that the NLR architecture has evolved for pathogen-sensing in diverse organisms because of its utility as a tightly folded “hair trigger” device into which a virtually limitless number of microbial detection platforms can be integrated. Recent findings suggest means to rationally design novel recognition capabilities to counter disease.
Journal Article