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Trash magic : a book about recycling a plastic bottle
\"Simple text and color photographs provide an introduction to recycling plastic\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
An ESG-Integrated Decision Framework for Reusable Plastic Container Pooling Supplier Selection in the Sharing Economy
The transition to a circular economy has increased the significance of reusable plastic container (RPC) pooling systems in green logistics. These systems are third-party reliant; selecting an appropriate service provider becomes crucial, particularly when measured against Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles. This study proposes a novel decision-making paradigm that incorporates ESG considerations into the evaluation process of RPC pooling service providers through an SF-RANCOM-ARLON (Spherical Fuzzy Sets-Ranking Comparison-Alternative Ranking Using Two-Step Logarithmic Normalization) hybrid method. A real-world case study involving multiple RPC service providers is presented to ensure that the proposed framework is appropriate. It determined 13 sub-criteria under 4 essential headings in the direction of assessing. Not only does this approach provide decision-makers with a methodical and unbiased approach for selecting the leading RPC pooling service provider within an uncertain environment, but it also helps in determining the necessary criteria for RPC pooling service provider selection. Based on rankings, the most critical criteria for service provider selection are delivery reliability, service flexibility, and customer relationship management, while less emphasis is placed on information disclosure. This research contributes to the emerging discourse on ESG-integrated supplier selection and offers a decision-support tool adaptable for sustainability-oriented supply chain networks.
Journal Article
Studies on the Determination of Ectoparasites and the Prevalence Rate in Cattle in Izmir, Aydin and Mugla Regions/Izmir, Aydin ve Mugla Yörelerindeki Sigirlarda Görülen Ektoparazitlerin ve Yayginlik Oranlarinin Belirlenmesi Ãzerine Ãalismalar
Objective: The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence rates of ectoparasites (external parasites) seen in cattle in Mugla, Aydin and Izmir regions. Methods: For ectoparasite screening, a total of 1,353 cattle breeds from Mugla, Aydin and Izmir regions were included in the study. Ectoparasite samples were collected with the help of hand, forceps, comb and scalpel, brought to the laboratory in plastic containers containing 70% alcohol and examined under a microscope. Results: In the study, 191 (14.12%) of 1,353 cattle were infested with external parasites. Of the cattle, 138 (72.25%) ticks, 24 (12.57%) lice, 9 (4.71%) tabanid, 8 (4.19%) hippoboscid, 7 (3.66%) fleas and 5 (2.62%) mites were detected. Accordingly, 4 tick species in cattle Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma excavatum, Hyalomma detritum, Rhipicephalus turanicus, 4 lice species (Bovicola bovis, Linognathus vituli, Solenopotes capillatus, Haematopinus quadripertusus ), 1 mite species (Chorioptes bovis), 2 flea species (Ctenocephalides canis, Ctenocephalides felis), 1 hippoboscid fly species (Hippobosca equina) ve 3 tabanid fly species (Tabanus bromius, Tabanus exclusus, Philipomyia aprica) diagnosed. Conclusion: The presence of external parasites varied depending on the frequency of antiparasitic use in cattle. Keywords: Izmir, Aydin, Mugla, cattle, ectoparasite Amaç: Ãalismanin amaci Mugla, Aydin ve Izmir yörelerindeki sigirlarda görülen ektoparazitlerin (dis parazit) ve yayginlik oranlarinin belirlenmesidir. Yöntemler: Ektoparazit taramasi için Mugla, Aydin ve Izmir yörelerindeki toplam 1.353 adet kültür irki sigir çalismaya dahil edilmistir. Ektoparazit örnekleri el, penset, tarak ve bistüri yardimi ile toplandi, %70'lik alkol içeren plastik kaplar içinde laboratuvara getirilerek mikroskopta incelendi. Bulgular: Arastirmada 1.353 sigirin 191'i (%14,1) dis parazitlerle enfeste bulundu. Sigirlarin 138'inde (%72,3) kene, 24'ünde (%12,6) bit, 9'unda (%4,7) tabanid, 8'inde (%4,2) hippoboscid, 7'sinde (%3,7) pire, 5'inde (%2,6) akar tespit edildi. Buna göre sigirlarda 4 kene (Hyalomma marginatum, Hy. excavatum, Hy. detritum ve Rhipicephalus turanicus), 4 bit (Bovicola bovis, Linognathus vituli, Solenopotes capillatus, Haematopinus quadripertusus), 1 uyuz (Chorioptes bovis), 2 pire (Ctenocephalides canis, Ct. felis),1 hippoboscid (Hippobosca equina) ve 3 tabanid (Tabanus bromius, T. exclusus, Philipomyia aprica) teshis edilmistir. Sonuç: Dis parazit varligi sigirlarda antiparaziter kullanimi yayginligina bagli olarak degiskenlik göstermistir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Izmir, Aydin, Mugla, sigir, ektoparazit
Journal Article
Microbes on a Bottle: Substrate, Season and Geography Influence Community Composition of Microbes Colonizing Marine Plastic Debris
Plastic debris pervades in our oceans and freshwater systems and the potential ecosystem-level impacts of this anthropogenic litter require urgent evaluation. Microbes readily colonize aquatic plastic debris and members of these biofilm communities are speculated to include pathogenic, toxic, invasive or plastic degrading-species. The influence of plastic-colonizing microorganisms on the fate of plastic debris is largely unknown, as is the role of plastic in selecting for unique microbial communities. This work aimed to characterize microbial biofilm communities colonizing single-use poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) drinking bottles, determine their plastic-specificity in contrast with seawater and glass-colonizing communities, and identify seasonal and geographical influences on the communities. A substrate recruitment experiment was established in which PET bottles were deployed for 5-6 weeks at three stations in the North Sea in three different seasons. The structure and composition of the PET-colonizing bacterial/archaeal and eukaryotic communities varied with season and station. Abundant PET-colonizing taxa belonged to the phylum Bacteroidetes (e.g. Flavobacteriaceae, Cryomorphaceae, Saprospiraceae-all known to degrade complex carbon substrates) and diatoms (e.g. Coscinodiscophytina, Bacillariophytina). The PET-colonizing microbial communities differed significantly from free-living communities, but from particle-associated (>3 μm) communities or those inhabiting glass substrates. These data suggest that microbial community assembly on plastics is driven by conventional marine biofilm processes, with the plastic surface serving as raft for attachment, rather than selecting for recruitment of plastic-specific microbial colonizers. A small proportion of taxa, notably, members of the Cryomorphaceae and Alcanivoraceae, were significantly discriminant of PET but not glass surfaces, conjuring the possibility that these groups may directly interact with the PET substrate. Future research is required to investigate microscale functional interactions at the plastic surface.
Journal Article
Effect of Recycling PET Fabric and Bottle Grade on Ir/I-PET Fiber Structure
PET knitted fabric was melted and cooled by hot pressing at 250 °C to obtain a compacted sheet. Only white PET fabric (WF_PET) was used to study the recycling process by compression and grinding to powder and then melt spinning at different take-up speeds compared to PET bottle grade (BO_PET). PET knitted fabric had good fiber formability and was better suited for melt spinning of recycled PET (r-PET) fibers than the bottle grade. Thermal and mechanical properties of r-PET fibers improved in terms of crystallinity and tensile strength with increasing take-up speed (500 to 1500 m/min). Fading and color changes from the original fabric were relatively small compared with PET bottle grade. Results indicated that fiber structure and properties can be used as a guideline for improving and developing r-PET fibers from textile waste.
Journal Article
Forever Pesticides: A Growing Source of PFAS Contamination in the Environment
Environmental contamination by fluorinated chemicals, in particular chemicals from the per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) class, has raised concerns around the globe because of documented adverse impacts on human health, wildlife, and ecosystem quality. Recent studies have indicated that pesticide products may contain a variety of chemicals that meet the PFAS definition, including the active pesticide ingredients themselves. Given that pesticides are some of the most widely distributed pollutants across the world, the legacy impacts of PFAS addition into pesticide products could be widespread and have wide-ranging implications on agriculture and food and water contamination, as well as the presence of PFAS in rural environments.
The purpose of this commentary is to explore different ways that PFAS can be introduced into pesticide products, the extent of PFAS contamination of pesticide products, and the implications this could have for human and environmental health.
We submitted multiple public records requests to state and federal agencies in the United States and Canada and extracted relevant data from those records. We also compiled data from publicly accessible databases for our analyses.
We found that the biggest contributor to PFAS in pesticide products was active ingredients and their degradates. Nearly a quarter of all US conventional pesticide active ingredients were organofluorines and 14% were PFAS, and for active ingredients approved in the last 10 y, this had increased to 61% organofluorines and 30% PFAS. Another major contributing source was through PFAS leaching from fluorinated containers into pesticide products. Fluorination of adjuvant products and \"inert\" ingredients appeared to be limited, although this represents a major knowledge gap. We explored aspects of immunotoxicity, persistence, water contamination, and total fluorine load in the environment and conclude that the recent trend of using fluorinated active ingredients in pesticides may be having effects on chemical toxicity and persistence that are not given adequate oversight in the United States. We recommend a more stringent risk assessment approach for fluorinated pesticides, transparent disclosure of \"inert\" ingredients on pesticide labels, a complete phase-out of post-mold fluorination of plastic containers, and greater monitoring in the United States. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13954.
Journal Article
Change in the faunal composition of mosquitoes
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different anthropic landscape profiles on the diversity and distribution of mosquito species in a rural settlement of the Brazilian Amazon. Eight field collections were conducted at 18 sampling points interspersed throughout 2020-2021. Plastic containers, bamboo internodes, and tires were used as traps to capture immature mosquitoes in three distinct habitats: forest, forest edge, and peridomicile. A total of 15,547 individuals, distributed in 26 species of culicids, were collected. The most abundant species were Culex urichii (8,376 specimens), Culex (Melanoconion) (2,473 specimens), and Aedes albopictus (1,252 specimens). Forest habitat showed the highest abundance, and forest edge showed the highest species richness. Different types of environments influenced both the abundance and richness of mosquitoes. The species composition was also significantly different between the analyzed sites, mainly between forest and peridomicile environments. The change in species dominance could largely explain this change in mosquito community composition. Haemagogus janthinomys, an important sylvatic arbovirus vector, was found in peridomicile habitats and Ae. albopictus, a vector associated with human environments, was found in forest habitats, thus providing evidence of species spillover. Our results indicated that landscape changes affect mosquito communities, influencing their richness and abundance. These changes may have implications for future arboviral outbreaks in this rural settlement due to the possible establishment of sylvatic vector species in anthropic environments.
Journal Article