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Despite the significance of Walter Scott's fiction for Victorian writers, he is too often either left outside of our literary lineages or only incorporated as a leading figure in historical fiction. I argue that Scott was the foundational novelist for a definitive form of Victorian fiction, the chronicle. Chronicles exhibit three key features: first, they are more likely to have settings (the Highlands, Barsetshire, Carlingford) than plots; second, chronicles are potentially endless; and third, they are non-protagonistic, telling the story of a group rather than an individual. These features can all be found in Scott's metafictional prefaces and frame narratives, which set the tone for an important strand of nineteenth-century fiction in the chronicles of writers such as Charlotte Yonge, Anthony Trollope, and Margaret Oliphant.

In investigating fictional narrative, critical attention ever since Aristotle has focused on the plot development, and various theoretical models, including the structural, the dynamic, the rhetorical, or the cognitive ones, have been established on the basis of this single narrative movement. But in many fictional narratives, there exist double narrative movements: a covert progression behind the plot development. They constitute dual textual dynamics, arousing or inviting dual readerly dynamics. This essay analyzes the double narrative movements in Mansfield's “Psychology” and the complicated response their coexistence and interaction involve. Based on the analysis, the paper offers a series of theoretical models to accommodate the dual textual dynamics and the (actual or potential) dual readerly dynamics of many fictional narratives.

Stories, and their ability to transport their audience, constitute a central part of human life and consumption experience. Integrating previous literature derived from fields as diverse as anthropology, marketing, psychology, communication, consumer, and literary studies, this article offers a review of two decades worth of research on narrative transportation, the phenomenon in which consumers mentally enter a world that a story evokes. Despite the relevance of narrative transportation for storytelling and narrative persuasion, extant contributions seem to lack systematization. The authors conceive the extended transportation-imagery model, which provides not only a comprehensive model that includes the antecedents and consequences of narrative transportation but also a multidisciplinary framework in which cognitive psychology and consumer culture theory cross-fertilize this field of inquiry. The authors test the model using a quantitative meta-analysis of 132 effect sizes of narrative transportation from 76 published and unpublished articles and identify fruitful directions for further research.

A narrative-critical reading of Jesus's ambiguous reply to Pilate in Mark 15:2 is significantly enhanced if that reply is interpreted as a question. Although this interpretation has occasionally been suggested, a full case for its value has so far not been advanced, despite the linguistic, grammatical, and narrative plausibility of the interpretation. This article makes that case, with special attention to the relationship of this question to the characterization of Jesus in Mark.

Prior research highlights storytelling as a means for entrepreneurs to establish venture legitimacy and gain stakeholder support. We extend this line of research by examining the role that projective stories play in setting expectations and the dynamics that ensue. Such attention highlights a paradox—the very expectations that are set through projective stories to gain venture legitimacy can also serve as the source of future disappointments. Because of inherent uncertainties that projective stories mask, ventures will likely deviate from their early projections, thereby disappointing stakeholders. This, in turn, can result in a loss of legitimacy. Recognizing that entrepreneurship is an ongoing process, we examine the constraints and possibilities of maintaining or regaining legitimacy through revised storytelling. We conclude the paper with implications for research on entrepreneurial storytelling as an ongoing process.

Long-term analyses of biodiversity data highlight a ‘biodiversity conservation paradox’: biological communities show substantial species turnover over the past century 1 , 2 , but changes in species richness are marginal 1 , 3 – 5 . Most studies, however, have focused only on the incidence of species, and have not considered changes in local abundance. Here we asked whether analysing changes in the cover of plant species could reveal previously unrecognized patterns of biodiversity change and provide insights into the underlying mechanisms. We compiled and analysed a dataset of 7,738 permanent and semi-permanent vegetation plots from Germany that were surveyed between 2 and 54 times from 1927 to 2020, in total comprising 1,794 species of vascular plants. We found that decrements in cover, averaged across all species and plots, occurred more often than increments; that the number of species that decreased in cover was higher than the number of species that increased; and that decrements were more equally distributed among losers than were gains among winners. Null model simulations confirmed that these trends do not emerge by chance, but are the consequence of species-specific negative effects of environmental changes. In the long run, these trends might result in substantial losses of species at both local and regional scales. Summarizing the changes by decade shows that the inequality in the mean change in species cover of losers and winners diverged as early as the 1960s. We conclude that changes in species cover in communities represent an important but understudied dimension of biodiversity change that should more routinely be considered in time-series analyses. Time-series data including 1,794 plant species from 7,738 vegetation plots in Germany between 1927 and 2020 reveal patterns of change in biodiversity, and suggest that more species declined than increased in abundance during this period.

How might Roth's essay “This Butcher, Imagination” (1988) clarify the relations among politics, creativity, and indignation? Answers may reside in the way the metaphor emerges from Arthur Koestler's anti-Communist novel The Age of Longing (1951) and from the way Koestler's treatise Insight and Outlook (1949) clarifies the cognitive underpinnings of imagination. While “This Butcher, Imagination” appears solely to address the need to distance reality from narrative invention, Koestler's outlook on creative cognition is related to Roth's appreciation for writers from the other Europe and to his disdain for the “kitsch” of Socialist Realism.

Ground‐based light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is becoming increasingly popular as an alternative means to conventional forest inventory methods. By gauging the distances to multiple points on the surrounding object surfaces, LiDAR acquires 3D point clouds from which tree sizes and spatial distributions can be rapidly estimated. However, the high cost and specialized skills associated with LiDAR technologies have put them out of reach for many potential users. We here introduce ForestScanner, a free, mobile application that allows LiDAR‐based forest inventories by means of iPhone or iPad with a built‐in LiDAR sensor. ForestScanner does not require any manual analysis of 3D point clouds. As the user scans trees with an iPhone/iPad, ForestScanner estimates the stem diameters and spatial coordinates based on real‐time instance segmentation and circle fitting. The users can visualize, check and share the scanning results in situ. By using ForestScanner, we measured the stem diameters and spatial coordinates of 672 trees within a 1 ha plot in 1 hr 39 min with an iPhone and in 1 hr 38 min with an iPad (diameter ≥ 5 cm; detection rate = 100%). The diameters measured by ForestScanner and a diameter tape were in good agreement; R2 = 0.963 for iPhone and R2 = 0.961 for iPad. ForestScanner and a conventional surveying system showed almost identical results for tree mapping (assessed by the spatial distances among trees within 0.04 ha subplots); Mantel R2 = 0.999 for both iPhone and iPad. ForestScanner reduced the person‐hours required for measuring diameters to 25.7%, mapping trees to 9.3%, and doing both to 6.8% of the person‐hours taken using a dimeter tape and the conventional surveying system. Our results indicate that ForestScanner enables cost‐, labour‐ and time‐efficient forest inventories. The application can increase the accessibility to LiDAR for non‐experts (e.g. students, citizen scientists) and enhance resource assessments and biodiversity monitoring in forests world‐wide. 要旨 森林インベントリを行うための新たな手段として、地上LiDARの利用が広がっている。LiDARを使えば、樹木の三次元点群を取得し、そこから幹の直径や空間分布を素早く推定することができる。しかし、LiDARは一般的に価格が高く、扱いに専門技術が必要とされる。そうした点が、潜在的なユーザーにとってLiDARを導入するうえでの障壁となってきた。 本稿では、LiDARセンサーが搭載されたiPhoneやiPadを使って森林インベントリを行うための無料モバイルアプリForestScannerを紹介する。ForestScanner は、ユーザーによる三次元点群の手動処理を一切必要としない。ユーザーはiPhoneやiPadで樹木をスキャンするだけよい。幹直径と空間座標はリアルタイムインスタンスセグメンテーションと円フィッティングによって推定される。測定結果はその場で可視化、確認、共有できる。 ForestScannerを使って、 1 haのプロットに生えている672本の樹木 (幹直径5 cm以上、検出率100%) の幹直径と空間座標を測定した。測定に掛かった時間はiPhoneで1時間39分、iPadで1時間38分だった。ForestScanner および直径巻尺で測った直径の値はよく一致した。 R2値はiPhoneで0.963、 iPadで0.961だった。ForestScanner および従来型測量機器によって得られた樹木の空間座標は、ほぼ同様の結果を示した (0.04 haサブプロット中の樹木間距離によって評価した)。 iPhoneとiPadの両方とも、マンテルR2値は0.999だった。ForestScanner は、直径巻尺および従来型測量機器と比べて、直径、空間座標、および両者の測定に掛かる人工 (にんく) を、それぞれ25.7%、9.3%、6.8%に減少させた。 ForestScannerを使うことで、費用、労働、および時間効率の良い森林インベントリが可能であると示唆された。ForestScannerは、学生や市民科学者にとってLiDARをより身近なものにし、また、世界中の資源評価や生物多様性モニタリングに貢献すると期待される。

In contrast to the antistructuralist and antipositivist agenda that has animated the \"narrative turn\" in the social sciences since the 1980s, a more uniquely sociological approach has studied stories in the interactional, institutional, and political contexts of their telling. Scholars working in this vein have seen narrative as powerful, but as variably so, and they have focused on the ways in which narrative competence is socially organized and unevenly distributed. We show how this approach, or cluster of approaches, rooted variously in conversational analysis, symbolic interactionism, network analysis, and structuralist cultural sociologies, has both responded to problems associated with the narrative turn and shed light on enduring sociological questions such as the bases of institutional authority, how inequalities are maintained and reproduced, why political challengers are sometimes able to win support, and the cultural foundations of self-interest and instrumental rationality.