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المراقبة وحفظ الأمن على الصعيد العالمي : الحدود والأمن والهوية
منذ هجمات الحادي عشر من أيلول / سبتمبر في الولايات المتحدة الأميركية، وإقرار اتفاقية شينغن في أوروبا، انشغل الباحثون والسياسيون والنقاد بصورة متنامية بعبور الناس والبضائع والمعلومات عبر الحدود، وردا على ذلك، أجرت الدول تغييرات جوهرية في طرائق انتقال السكان والبيانات الشخصية وأسلوب مراقبتهم، يضم هذا الكتاب دراسات مختارة وثيقة الصلة بهذا الموضوع، إذ تتناول حفظ أمن الحدود المادية والافتراضية ومراقبتها في زمن تتزايد التهديدات المتخيلة ؛ كما يتناول الجوانب النظرية والإمبيريقية لموضوع الطرائق التي تعمد إليها الدول للتحكم بحدودها وسكانها المتنقلين، وهي في متناول الطلاب والباحثين في علم الاجتماع والعلوم السياسية والجغرافية والإدارة العامة المهتمين بمسائل سلطة الدولة والشؤون البيروقراطية والحدود وإدارة الحدود والأمن القومي في عصر يتسم بانتشار الإرهاب، كما يبين الكتاب كيفية استخدام تطور تكنولوجيات المراقبة في تعزيز سلطة الدولة الأمة.
Book
Cross-agency working when conducting a pragmatic RCT for older victims of crime: our experiences and lessons learned
Background
With the population ageing, more victims of community crime are likely to be older adults. The psychological impact of crime on older victims is significant and sustained, but only feasibility trials have been published regarding potential interventions. The integration of public health and care services and cross-agency working is recommended, but there is little information on how this should be undertaken. Our recent Victim Improvement Package (VIP) randomised controlled trial (RCT) involved cross-agency collaboration between our university, a police service and a mental health charity. However, as the VIP trial only managed to recruit 131 out of 226 participants, we hope our reflections will help those wishing to conduct research in this population.
Methods
The trial management group (authors) and partners organisations identified the challenges and lessons learned from conducting the VIP trial in which the police identified and screened victims of reported community crime, aged 65 years or over, for distress. In the VIP trial, three screening methods were used: (1) visits by safer neighbourhood teams (SNTs), (2) police telephone screening and (3) employment of a university researcher embedded within the police service. Staff from the mental health charity were trained to deliver a manualised cognitive-behaviourally informed Victim Improvement Package (VIP) to be compared against treatment as usual (TAU).
Lessons learned
Factors promoting successful screening included simple IT systems, building rapport with the police and maintaining contact with participants. However, policy and staff changes within the police service and altered public confidence in the police compromised screening. The delivery of therapy was impaired by waiting times, therapist availability and the quality of therapy. Conducting research within an existing busy clinical service was challenging, but the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the acceptability and feasibility of offering online therapy to older victims.
Conclusion
SNT screening was an effective way to identify distressed victims, but service demands question whether it is viable for working police staff and the delivery of the therapy proved challenging in the context of a traditional RCT. Ways in which to strengthen research in this pioneering area of work are discussed.
Journal Article
The chameleon
The Elite Crimes Unit is a covert team within Interpol that specializes in taking down the world's top criminals--and then offering them a deal. Because sometimes a history of bad behavior can be a very good thing. Jack Angelo is clearly off his game. First his wallet gets lifted--by a pregnant woman, no less--on the ferry to Finland. At his hotel, he's seduced by a sexy redhead who takes him for a ride, too. And when he finally starts casing the bank he's supposed to rob, yet another female fouls things up. All he wants is to complete this assignment for the ECU to save himself and his family. Little does he know that the women who keep interfering are actually one woman--who's about to show him just how outmatched he really is. Known as \"The Chameleon\", Saskia Petrovik is a mistress of disguise tasked with watching the new recruit as he meets up with his high-level crew of thieves. She has no problem getting under the covers to pull off an undercover job--especially with the man known as Gentleman Jack. But multiple identities can cause multiple problems, and in these dangerous circles, the temptation to show her true self could change a deceptive affair into a deadly one.
Book
Police officer self-legitimacy: the role of organizational fit
PurposePolice officer perceptions of their own legitimacy can be important in shaping aspects of their performance and other organizational outcomes. The current study uses person-environment fit theory to assess the effects of value congruence with top managers, immediate supervisors and coworkers on officers' perceptions of self-legitimacy.Design/methodology/approachThe study used a cross-sectional survey of nearly 250 front-line police officers from seven municipal police departments in Michigan, Indiana and Kentucky to examine the effects of perceived value congruence on officers’ self-legitimacy. A hierarchical model of fit is assessed using structural equation modeling.FindingsFindings demonstrate that value congruence positively relates to officers’ reported self-legitimacy, suggesting that officers who perceive greater similarity in values with others in the organization will express more confidence in their authority.Originality/valueOur findings add to research on police officers’ self-legitimacy, and the use of a hierarchical model of person-environment fit might offer implications for future research on police culture.
Journal Article
The naming of the dead
When an international delegate falls to his death during a dinner at Edinburgh Castle, Inspector John Rebus is given what looks like a simple suicide to write up. Even as he keeps it out of the headlines, Rebus probes where no probing is wanted. Rebus also investigates the grisly murder of a recently paroled rapist.
Book
Adapting the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) model of police-mental health collaboration in a low-income, post-conflict country: curriculum development in Liberia, West Africa
We sought to develop a curriculum and collaboration model for law enforcement and mental health services in Liberia, West Africa.
In 2013 we conducted key informant interviews with law enforcement officers, mental health clinicians, and mental health service users in Liberia, and facilitated a 3-day curriculum workshop.
Mental health service users reported prior violent interactions with officers. Officers and clinicians identified incarceration and lack of treatment of mental health service users as key problems, and they jointly drafted a curriculum based upon the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) model adapted for Liberia. Officers' mental health knowledge improved from 64% to 82% on workshop assessments (t=5.52; P<.01). Clinicians' attitudes improved (t=2.42; P=.03). Six months after the workshop, 69% of clinicians reported improved engagement with law enforcement. Since the Ebola outbreak, law enforcement and clinicians have collaboratively addressed diverse public health needs.
Collaborations between law enforcement and mental health clinicians can benefit multiple areas of public health, as demonstrated by partnerships to improve responses during the Ebola epidemic. Future research should evaluate training implementation and outcomes including stigma reduction, referrals, and use of force.
Journal Article
The 17th suspect
A series of shootings exposes San Francisco to a methodical yet unpredictable killer, and a reluctant woman decides to put her trust in Sergeant Lindsay Boxer. The confidential informant's tip leads Lindsay to disturbing conclusions, including that something has gone horribly wrong inside the police department itself. The hunt for the killer lures Lindsay out of her jurisdiction, and gets inside Lindsay in dangerous ways. She suffers unsettling medical symptoms, and her friends and confidantes in the Women's Murder Club warn Lindsay against taking the crimes too much to heart. With lives at stake, the detective can't help but follow the case into ever more terrifying terrain. A decorated officer, loving wife, devoted mother, and loyal friend, Lindsay's unwavering integrity has never failed her. But now she is confronting a killer who is determined to undermine it all.
Book
US law enforcement policy predictors of race-specific police fatalities during 2015–16
Mounting evidence suggests that law enforcement organizational factors contribute to higher incidence and racial disparities in police killings. To determine whether agency policies contribute to race-specific civilian fatalities, this exploratory study compared fatality rates among agencies with and without selected policies expected to reduce killings. A cross-section of 1085 fatalities in the 2015–2016 The Counted public-use database were matched to 481 agencies in the 2013 Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) database. Negative binomial regression estimated incidence rate ratios (IRR) adjusted for agency type, number of officers, percent female personnel, median income, percent with a bachelor’s degree, violent crime rate, and population size, with inference using robust standard errors. Agencies with greater proportions of full-time personnel (range 43–100%) had lower rates of all (IRR = 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.77–0.93) and non-White civilian killings (IRR = 0.85; CI = 0.73–0.99). Mission statements predicted lower rates of all (IRR = 0.70; CI = 0.58–0.84) and White killings (IRR = 0.60; CI = 0.40–0.90). Community evaluation and more types of personnel incentives predicted lower rates of White (IRR = 0.82; CI = 0.68–0.99) and non-White killings (IRR = 0.94; CI = 0.89–1.00), respectively. Increasing video use predicted higher rates of White killings (IRR = 1.13; CI = 1.01–1.28). No policies were significantly associated with Black civilian killings. Law enforcement policies that help reduce police killings may vary across racial groups with the least benefit for Black civilians. Impact evaluations and meta-analyses of initiatives aimed to mitigate fatalities should be explored, particularly policies to address anti-Black bias. A national registry tracking all police killings and agency policies is urgently needed to inform law enforcement policies aimed to mitigate civilian fatalities.
Journal Article
25 alive
\"SFPD homicide detective Lindsay Boxer knows her way around a crime scene. But nothing can prepare her for the shock of recognition: the victim is Warren Jacobi, Lindsay's onetime partner who rose to chief of police. A top investigator until the end, Jacobi managed to leave Lindsay a clue. Following a trail of evidence along the west coast, the Women's Murder Club pledges to avenge Jacobi's death before the killer can take another one of their own\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Designing Police Organizations: An Interdisciplinary Framework
Organizational design carries an interdisciplinary ethos. In the example of the police, this article elaborates a framework grasping tensions between managerism and professionalism, individualization and network society as developments influencing an organization; overt and covert crimes, and strategies as elements related to the police's task environment; but also, the challenge of knowledge diversity. The framework aims to overcome possible conflicts in and between different fields and blend them in a meaningful way for becoming organizational design. This focused framework provides three essential benefits. First, for police organizations, it is a ready-made solution to exploit. Second, for scholars in management, policing, and criminology, it calls for further examination. Third, it offers a practical solution for practitioners in various organizations to adjust and advance.
Journal Article