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"Police Developing countries Case studies."
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Globalization, police reform and development : doing it the Western Way?
\"This volume presents a unique examination of Western-led police reform efforts by theoretically linking neoliberal globalization, police reform and development. The authors present seven country case studies based on this theoretical and conceptual approach and assess the prospects for successful police reform in a global context.\"--Publisher's website.
Book
Resolving the Democracy Paradox: Democratization and Women's Legislative Representation in Developing Nations, 1975 to 2009
Increasing levels of democratic freedoms should, in theory, improve women's access to political positions. Yet studies demonstrate that democracy does little to improve women's legislative representation. To resolve this paradox, we investigate how variations in the democratization process—including pre-transition legacies, historical experiences with elections, the global context of transition, and post-transition democratic freedoms and quotas—affect women's representation in developing nations. We find that democratization's effect is curvilinear. Women in non-democratic regimes often have high levels of legislative representation but little real political power. When democratization occurs, women's representation initially drops, but with increasing democratic freedoms and additional elections, it increases again. The historical context of transition further moderates these effects. Prior to 1995, women's representation increased most rapidly in countries transitioning from civil strife—but only when accompanied by gender quotas. After 1995 and the Beijing Conference on Women, the effectiveness of quotas becomes more universal, with the exception of postcommunist countries. In these nations, quotas continue to do little to improve women's representation. Our results, based on pooled time series analysis from 1975 to 2009, demonstrate that it is not democracy—as measured by a nation's level of democratic freedoms at a particular moment in time—but rather the democratization process that matters for women's legislative representation.
Journal Article
Parliaments as peacebuilders in conflict-affected countries
The changing nature of conflict and the increase in intrastate conflict during the 1990s, followed by its slow decline since the turn of the century, have led to changing priorities in the field of conflict resolution. No longer is the international community solely concerned with resolving existing conflicts; it also is managing emerging conflicts to ensure that they do not flare into violent conflict. This book outlines some of the strategies parliaments and parliamentarians can adopt to reduce the incidence of conflict and effectively manage conflict when it does emerge. It is hoped that by developing a better understanding of the nexus between parliament, poverty, and conflict parliamentarians will be more aware of the array of options open to them as they seek to contribute to conflict management in conflict-affected societies.
eBook
Spatiotemporal modeling and mapping of traffic crashes using R programming and GIS: a case study of Bole sub city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Road traffic crashes are a significant public health concern globally, particularly in developing countries like Ethiopia, where the fatality rate is alarmingly high—reaching 4,984.3 deaths per 100,000 vehicles annually. This issue is especially severe in Addis Ababa, highlighting the urgent need for effective road safety interventions. This study aims to examine the spatial, temporal, and explanatory aspects of traffic crashes in order to provide evidence-based insights for policy development and intervention strategies. Using three years of crash data comprising 17,285 incidents, a comprehensive methodological approach was employed. Spatial analysis using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) was conducted to identify crash hotspots, temporal analysis was used to assess trends over time, and explanatory analysis explored relationships between traffic characteristics, crash severity, and driver demographics. The findings reveal that traffic crashes are highly concentrated around squares and intersections, which are identified as major hotspots. The highest crash rates occur during the summer months (August to September), on weekends, and during peak traffic hours—morning (6 AM–12 PM) and afternoon (12 PM–6 PM). Over the three-year period, crash incidents peaked in 2020 and declined in 2022. Demographic analysis indicates that younger, less experienced, and male drivers are most frequently involved in crashes. Vehicle-to-vehicle collisions account for 88.7% of incidents, with 78.7% resulting in property damage only. Based on these findings, the study recommends improving data collection systems for continuous monitoring, upgrading road infrastructure in high-risk areas, and implementing educational campaigns to promote safer driving behaviors, particularly among vulnerable groups. The insights from this study are valuable for policymakers, local authorities, and the community in reducing traffic crashes and enhancing road safety in Bole Sub-City.
Journal Article
Governing-through-Harm and Public Goods Policing
Among scholars of law and crime and practitioners of public safety, there is a pervasive view that only the public police can or should protect the public interest. Further, the prevailing perception is that the public police predominantly governs through crime—that is, acts on harms as detrimental to the public good. We argue that governing harm through crime is not always the most effective way of producing public safety and security and that the production of public safety is not limited to public police forces. An approach of governing-through-harm that uses a variety of noncrime strategies and private security agents as participants in public safety is often more effective—and more legitimate—than the predominant governing-through-crime approach. We reflect on case studies of noncrime intervention strategies from the Global South to bolster the case for decoupling the link between the public police and public goods. A new theoretical framing needs to be pursued.
Journal Article
Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on national security issues: Indonesia as a case study
The national security issues in particular non-traditional security issues such as law enforcement, health, food, supply chain management, industry etc. are severely impacted by the COVID-19 outbreak in all countries of the world. As such, the developing country like Indonesia has largely been suffering from this epidemic. In this context, this paper attempts to analyse some national security issues that are affecting Indonesia, which is currently struggling with the COVID-19 pandemic. Proposed here are policy measures to combat both present and future challenges. The study uses secondary data collected from different sources concerning COVID-19 pandemic and security issues of Indonesia. The study analyses the data based on descriptive statistics, highlighting the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indonesian law enforcement issues, and security of health, food, supply chain management, industrial and other economic sectors. The study argues that if the vulnerability continues in these security-related issues due to pandemic, the country will face a harsh reality to manage the state-affairs. Therefore, the policy options are mainly concerned with the COVID-19 issue. Indonesia’s government should identify what measures to take by conducting rapid diagnostics and polymerase chain reaction tests in the laboratory, respectively. Moreover, the government and relevant stakeholders need to develop strategies that break the stranglehold of COVID-19 transmission in order to resolve Indonesian national security concern.
Journal Article
Responding to domestic and family violence in resource-constrained contexts: a case study on rural policing innovations in Melanesia
PurposeDiscussions about progressive gender reform across Melanesia highlight the need for more gender-inclusive policies and improved conditions for women and girls throughout all sectors. However, for many of these countries, attempts to address the problems are marred by insufficient resources and low prioritization of the issue and traditional, cultural and religious perspectives about gender and gendered roles. This article discusses how police responses are coordinated to address domestic and family violence (DFV) and provides a critical reflection on both internal responses and the complexities of multi-partner operations beyond urban spaces.Design/methodology/approachThis article draws on the findings from a stakeholder engagement focus group with 20 participants from four Melanesian countries – Fiji, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu – to provide insight into policing innovations in rural contexts.FindingsThere is a need for improved multisector partnerships, increased police presence and greater reliance on indigenous strategies to improve responses to DFV in resource-constrained contexts.Originality/valueThe article provides insight into an under-researched area and makes recommendations for improving responses to DFV in rural areas in small-island developing states.
Journal Article
Determinants of Stock Theft and Its Implication on Household Dietary Diversity in Semiarid Regions of Zimbabwe: Case of Gwanda District
Stock theft is a major threat to livestock production in Africa and has been on the rise in recent years. Zimbabwe is no exception. The purpose of this study was to analyze factors that contribute to stock theft in rural areas. The study used a mixed research design. The study was limited to wards 20 and 24 of Gwanda district of Matabeleland South Province. The linear regression model was used to analyze the factors that affected stock theft in rural areas. The majority (57.1%) of the interviewed household heads were males and aged below 50 years (55.8%) with an average household size of 5 members. On average, each household owned 5 cattle, 2 sheep, 17 goats, 4 donkeys, and 5 chicken. The participants kept livestock mainly for income generation, source of school fees, draught power, meat, milk, manure, and eggs. The major causes of livestock loss apart from stock theft were drought, disease outbreaks, trapped in mine holes, and predators. All the respondents practiced livestock identification which includes branding, ear notching, and the use of ear tags. The most vulnerable livestock species to stock theft were goats, cattle, donkeys, sheep, and chicken. Stock theft mostly takes place before midday and on Mondays and Wednesdays. It is at its peak levels in January and November. Goats and donkeys were the main stolen livestock species. The stolen livestock is mostly sold to meat processors. The distance from the border, the use of livestock identification tags, the total number of livestock units owned by the household, and the day of the week were significant in influencing the intensity of stock theft (p<0.10). Stock theft does not directly affect household dietary diversity (p>0.05) because rural households do not use livestock for their nutritional benefit, particularly goats, sheep, and cattle. Thus, if dietary diversity is taken as a proxy for food security, it can be concluded that stock theft does not significantly affect the household’s food security status. Working in groups through neighborhood watch committees, livestock branding, tending livestock which reduces the time that the livestock roam freely unattended, and assisting the police with investigations whenever there is a case of stock theft were identified as important mitigation strategies. At the service provider level, it was suggested that the law enforcing needed to increase its efficiency to mitigate stock theft.
Journal Article
Crime under-reporting in Bogotá: a spatial panel model with fixed effects
We examine spatial spillovers in violent crime and its under-reporting in Bogotá, Colombia, using a cuadrante (quadrant) level data. To model spatial spillovers, we use a spatial panel model with fixed effects, and to address under-reporting, we use the stochastic frontier approach as a tool. The novel statistical approach is combined with a database of police-reported crimes in Bogotá to examine how influential surrounding areas with high criminal offenses are on crime (under)reporting. The results suggest that spatial correlations are highly significant and that under-reporting is mainly related to interactions with other localities, which have important public policy implications.
Journal Article
Transnational police building: critical lessons from Timor-Leste and Solomon Islands
In this paper we begin by defining and examining the concept of police building. Its historical precedents and contemporary forms are briefly reviewed, showing a variety of motives and agendas for this kind of institution building. We argue that police building has been a relatively neglected dimension of nation- and state-building exercises, despite its importance to functions of pacification and restoration of law and order. The emerging literature on international police reform and capacity building tends to adopt a narrow institutionalist and universalistic approach that does not take sufficient account of the politics of police building. This politics is multilayered and varies from the formal to the informal. Using two case studies focusing on events in 2006 in Timor-Leste and Solomon Islands, the reasons for the fragility of many current police-building projects are considered. In both cases, we argue, police capacity builders paid insufficient attention to the political architecture and milieu of public safety.
Journal Article