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In 2021, the Polish Association of Economic History (PTHG) prepared and submitted to the 21st General Congress of Polish Historians - Białystok 2024, a panel entitled “Saving the economy: reconstruction, stabilization and creating paths for the development of the Polish economy in the 19th and 20th centuries”, which was accepted by the congress organizers. The main goal of the research undertaken is to analyze systemic actions to overcome crises in the 19th and 20th centuries, in particular the activity of the state and public institutions “helping the economy”, the tools used and their effectiveness and long-term consequences. The events of the last three years, especially the Covid 19 pandemic, the War in Ukraine, and the energy crisis, have put the world economy once again on the threshold of a global crisis. In this context, scientific reflection on the tools and mechanisms of “saving the economy” and “creating development paths” may have not only a cognitive, but also a practical dimension.

In 2021, the Polish Association of Economic History (PTHG) prepared and submitted to the 21st General Congress of Polish Historians – Białystok 2024, a panel entitled , which was accepted by the congress organizers. The main goal of the research undertaken is to analyze systemic actions to overcome crises in the 19th and 20th centuries, in particular the activity of the state and public institutions “helping the economy”, the tools used and their effectiveness and long-term consequences. The events of the last three years, especially the Covid 19 pandemic, the War in Ukraine, and the energy crisis, have put the world economy once again on the threshold of a global crisis. In this context, scientific reflection on the tools and mechanisms of “saving the economy” and “creating development paths” may have not only a cognitive, but also a practical dimension.

How do terrorist groups control their members? Do the tools groups use to monitor their operatives and enforce discipline create security vulnerabilities that governments can exploit?The Terrorist's Dilemmais the first book to systematically examine the great variation in how terrorist groups are structured. Employing a broad range of agency theory, historical case studies, and terrorists' own internal documents, Jacob Shapiro provocatively discusses the core managerial challenges that terrorists face and illustrates how their political goals interact with the operational environment to push them to organize in particular ways. Shapiro provides a historically informed explanation for why some groups have little hierarchy, while others resemble miniature firms, complete with line charts and written disciplinary codes. Looking at groups in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America, he highlights how consistent and widespread the terrorist's dilemma--balancing the desire to maintain control with the need for secrecy--has been since the 1880s. Through an analysis of more than a hundred terrorist autobiographies he shows how prevalent bureaucracy has been, and he utilizes a cache of internal documents from al-Qa'ida in Iraq to outline why this deadly group used so much paperwork to handle its people. Tracing the strategic interaction between terrorist leaders and their operatives, Shapiro closes with a series of comparative case studies, indicating that the differences in how groups in the same conflict approach their dilemmas are consistent with an agency theory perspective. The Terrorist's Dilemmademonstrates the management constraints inherent to terrorist groups and sheds light on specific organizational details that can be exploited to more efficiently combat terrorist activity.

The beginning of the twentieth century is a time of the development of official statistics in European countries. Due to the lack of its own independent state, it was not possible to publish a Yearbook of Poland at the time. In this context, the Polish Statistical Association (PSA) was founded in Cracow in 1912. One of its main tasks was to merge statistical information on Polish lands dispersed among statistical offices of Russia, Germany and Austria and to issue its own statistical yearbooks for Polish lands and their population. Before the beginning of World War I, the PSA was able to prepare the publication Statistics of Poland, printed in 1915, whose main authors were: A. Krzyżanowski and K. W. Kumaniecki. Many people from the intellectual elite of the country were involved in the project. The territorial scope of Statistics of Poland is interesting. It covers the territory of the first Polish Republic and the area of Upper Silesia and the southern Masuria, where Poles were the majority. Statistical data contained in Statistics of Poland amaze by their abundance even today. The importance of Statistics of Poland is that it gave arguments for the Polish delegation in the conduct of the discussions on the shape of the territory of reborn Poland in 1918 carried out at the peace conference in Versailles. // Początek XX wieku to czas rozwoju statystyki publicznej w krajach europejskich. Ze względu na brak własnego państwa nie było możliwości publikowania rocznika statystycznego ziem polskich. W tym kontekście w 1912 roku w Krakowie powstało Polskie Towarzystwo Statystyczne, którego jednym z głównych zadań było scalanie informacji statystycznej rozproszonej w publikacjach urzędów statystycznych państw zaborczych i wydawanie własnych prac na kształt roczników statystycznych ziem i ludności polskiej. Do wybuchu I wojny światowej PTS zdołało przygotować publikację Statystyka Polski, wydrukowaną w 1915 roku, której głównymi autorami byli A. Krzyżanowski oraz K. W. Kumaniecki. W przedsięwzięcie to zaangażowanych było wiele osób stanowiących ówczesną elitę intelektualną kraju. Ciekawy jest zakres terytorialny Statystyki Polski. Obejmuje on terytorium pierwszej Rzeczypospolitej oraz obszar Górnego Śląska i południowych Mazur, na którym mieszkała ludność polska. Praca ta zadziwia obfitością prezentowanych danych statystycznych, których uzyskanie nawet w dzisiejszych czasach jest trudne i pracochłonne. Znaczenie Statystyki Polski polega też na tym, że dała argumenty delegacji polskiej w trakcie rozmów dotyczących kształtu terytorialnego odrodzonego państwa polskiego, prowadzonych na konferencji pokojowej w Wersalu.

Eleanor (Edwards) Ledbetter, who served immigrant populations in Cleveland throughout most of the Progressive Era and the Great Depression, was one of the first librarians to advocate for multiculturalism (then called cultural pluralism) as opposed to Americanism. In providing multicultural and multilingual library services for immigrants, Ledbetter was active locally as librarian at the Broadway Branch of the Cleveland Public Library and member of the Cleveland Americanization Committee and nationally as chair of the American Library Association’s Committee on Work with the Foreign Born. She was recognized internationally as a bibliographer of Polish literature and translator of Czech folktales, for which she was awarded honors by the Polish and Czechoslovak governments, and as an unofficial ambassador for the American public library in eastern and southeastern Europe, specifically the countries of the former Yugoslavia.

Paul Kubicek offers a comparative study of organized labor's fate in four postcommunist countries, and examines the political and economic consequences of labor's weakness. He notes that with few exceptions, trade unions have lost members and suffered from low public confidence. Unions have failed to act while changing economic policies have resulted in declining living standards and unemployment for their membership.While some of labor's problems can be traced to legacies of the communist period, Kubicek draws upon the experience of unions in the West to argue that privatization and nascent globalization are creating new economic structures and a political playing field hostile to organized labor. He concludes that labor is likely to remain a marginalized economic and political force for the foreseeable.

Immigration and immigrant participation have been among the hallmark features of civic and political life in Chicago for more than a century, from the era of Irish-dominated machines and central European migration in the early twentieth century to the contemporary period, with a weaker and more diverse political machine and immigrants from Mexico, Poland, India, and several other Asian and Latin American countries. Just as in the rest of the United States, immigration to Illinois and the Chicago area grew considerably in the last two decades of the twentieth century. Between 1990 and 2000, the number of foreign-born residents in

[Patryk Polec] starts his work well. In theoretical and methodological terms, he successfully blends Benedict Anderson's notion of an imagined community with Ian McKay's \"reconnaissance approach\" to the history of the Canadian left. Perhaps even more to the point, in his early chapters he does a fine job of setting the problem of Polish-Canadian radicalism in the larger context of Polish-Canadian and Polish history. To accomplish this Polec brings together the best scholarship on the Polish diaspora, 19th century Polish history, and the far from pleasant North American experience of most Polish immigrants in the pre-World War II era. He then moves on to his more substantive research on the Polish-Canadian left - its leaders (particularly Dutkiewicz, Polka and Morski), its organizations (the Polish Workers and Farmers Association, the Polish People's Association, and the Polish Democratic Association), and especially its press (Glos Pracy was the most important in this regard). It is of considerable importance that Polec never fails to interweave this story with the history of more mainstream Polonia, especially the religious and secular organizations which helped to inform the attitudes of many Polish Canadians. Polec is at his best when describing the antagonism which existed between the patriotism, conservatism and religiosity of most Poles and the overtly internationalist and atheist Polish Communists, particularly when analyzing the ways in which those antagonisms were partially (and briefly) overcome in the late 1930s, allowing the Polish-Canadian Communist movement to have its moment in the sun.