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"Polish foreign relations"
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The Polish Resettlement Corps 1946 to 1949 : Britain's Polish forces
At the end of the Second World War, the Polish Allied Forces under British Command refused to stand down when America, the Soviet Union and Britain decided that Poland would be part of Russia's new sphere of interest in Europe. This defiant gesture became known as the 'Polish problem' and was extremely symbolic, for it threatened to embarrass Britain's entry into the War on behalf of Polish independence. To resolve the issue Britain established the Polish Resettlement Corps, under the country's first ever mass immigration legislation. The initiative was just as much a face saving exercise, as it was a noble act of one ally on behalf of another.
Book
Captive Colonizers
The article focuses on non-Russians who participated in the Russian conquest of eastern Siberia in the seventeenth century. As a result of recurrent wars fought by seventeenth-century Russia against Poland-Lithuania and the Crimean Khanate, numerous Polish-Lithuanian as well as Tatar nobles and soldiers found themselves as captives or prisoners of war in the tsar’s service and willy-nilly participated in the colonial enterprize of the Russian Empire. Their numbers and role in the conquest of eastern Siberia cannot be dismissed as merely anecdotic and should perhaps be explained by their “cultural capital” that was consciously used by their new patrons: military experience and commanding skills, but also literacy and—in the case of Tatars—language competencies. While few of them later returned home after peace treaties and amnesties, and desertions to Manchu China are not unknown either, most of them took local wives, adopted Orthodox Christianity, and their offspring has gradually dissolved in the multiethnic Russian- and Yakutspeaking population of eastern Siberia.
Journal Article
Zbigniew Brzezinski : America's grand strategist
As National Security Adviser to President Jimmy Carter, Zbigniew Brzezinski (1928-2017) guided US foreign policy at a critical juncture of the Cold War. But his impact on America's role in the world extends far beyond his years in the White House, and reverberates to this day. His geopolitical vision, scholarly writings, frequent media appearances, and policy advice to decades of presidents from Lyndon Johnson to Barack Obama made him America's grand strategist, a mantle only Henry Kissinger could also claim. Both men emigrated from turbulent Europe in 1938 and got their Ph.D.s in the 1950s from Harvard, then the epitome of the Cold War university. With its rise to global responsibilities, the United States needed professionals. Ambitious academics like Brzezinski soon replaced the old establishment figures who had mired the country in Vietnam, and they transformed the way America conducted foreign policy. Justin Vaïsse offers the first biography of the successful immigrant who completed a remarkable journey from his native Poland to the White House, interacting with influential world leaders from Gloria Steinem to Deng Xiaoping to John Paul II. This complex intellectual portrait reveals a man who weighed in on all major foreign policy debates since the 1950s, from his hawkish stance on the USSR to his advocacy for the Middle East peace process and his support for a US-China global partnership. Through its examination of Brzezinski's statesmanship and comprehensive vision, Zbigniew Brzezinski raises important questions about the respective roles of ideas and identity in foreign policy.-- Provided by publisher
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Quantifying CH.sub.4 emissions from hard coal mines using mobile sun-viewing Fourier transform spectrometry
Methane (CH.sub.4) emissions from coal production amount to roughly one-third of European anthropogenic CH.sub.4 emissions in the atmosphere. Poland is the largest hard coal producer in the European Union with the Polish side of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) as the main part of it. Emission estimates for CH.sub.4 from the USCB for individual coal mine ventilation shafts range between 0.03 and 20 kt a.sup.-1, amounting to a basin total of roughly 440 kt a.sup.-1 according to the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR,
Journal Article
The treaties of Carlowitz (1699) : antecedents, course and consequences
\"The Treaties of Carlowitz (1699) includes recent studies on the Lega Sacra War of 1683-1699 against the Ottoman Empire, the Peace treaties of Carlowitz (1699), and on the general impact of the conflict upon Modern Europe and the Balkans. With its contributions written by well-known international specialists in the field, the volume demonstrates that sometimes important conflicts tend to be forgotten with time, overshadowed by more spectacular wars, peace congresses or diplomatic alliances. The \"Long War\" of 1683-1699 is a case in point. By re-thinking and re-writing the history of the conflict and the subsequent peacemaking between a Christian alliance and the Ottoman state at the end of the 17th century, new perspectives, stretching into the present era, for the history of Europe, the Balkans and the Near East are brought into discussion. Contributors are: Tatjana Bazarova, Maurits van den Boogert, John Paul Ghobrial, Abdullah Gèollèuoglu, Zoltan Gyèore, Colin Heywood, Lothar Hèobelt, Erica Ianiro, Charles Ingrao, Dzheni Ivanova, Kirill Kochegarov, Dariusz Ko±odziejzcyk, Hans Georg Majer, Ivan Parvev, Arno Strohmeier\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Biomass Characteristics and Energy Yields of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Cultivated in Eastern Poland
The present pilot study examined the potential of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) as an energy source. The fresh matter of whole tobacco plants, the yield of dry matter of stems and leaves, as well as the higher heating value and methane production potential from tobacco biomass were determined. The yield of tobacco leaves was on average 4.69 Mg ha−1 (dry matter) and 76.90 GJ ha−1 yr−1 (biomass energy yield). Tobacco stems yielded on average 8.55 Mg ha−1 and 150.69 GJ ha−1 yr−1, while yields of whole tobacco crops were (on average) 13.24 Mg ha−1 and 227.59 GJ ha−1 yr−1. Methane potential of tobacco plants was (on average) 248 Nm3 Mg−1 VS (volatile solids). The tobacco plants tested in the study could be used as energy crops as their dry matter and energy yields are similar to those of the most popular energy crops being currently used in biomass production in Poland and the European Union. Nevertheless, further studies to choose the Nicotiana species and varieties most suitable for energy production and to assess the cost-effectiveness of tobacco biomass production are needed.
Journal Article
What History do Young Ukrainians Need Today? Reinterpretation of the Image of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in Contemporary Ukrainian Historiography and History Education
The article aims at outlining the problems of reinterpretation of the image of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in contemporary Ukrainian historiography and history education within the broader context of the discussion on what history the young Ukrainians need today. The study is based on the historiography and contemporary history textbook analyses confronted with the results of the survey held among students and teachers from secondary schools of different regions of Ukraine.
Journal Article
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in Swiss History Textbooks: Concepts, Templates, and Omissions
The claim “We want visibility” can not only be made for the representation of non-European areas and states but arises within the European continent as well. The contribution enquires about the representation of the history of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth before the division of Poland before 1772 in Swiss history textbooks. There only can be found fragmentary references. Thereby, one has to put more specific questions as to which of the references in the textbooks have related and still relate to the history of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, as to what is lacking and also what loss in knowledge and orientation is connected with this for the pupils and students in Switzerland. At a larger scale the questions arise as to how the Early Modern era has been conveyed in Swiss textbooks in spatial terms and still is. It is thereby not irrelevant what in fact is omitted. In the case of the strong neglection of the Central European area of the Early Modern Times in general and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in particular in Swiss textbooks, one takes the risk of hardly being able to create the awareness for a European diversification.
Journal Article
The Image of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in Czech History Textbooks
The analysis of the content of Czech history textbooks regarding Poland-Lithuania focuses on the origins of the freedoms enjoyed by the aristocracy under the Commonwealth, then moves to identifying references to the Polish kings and other major figures from the mid-fifteenth century to the end of the eighteenth century, key events during this period and specifically to the sections of the textbooks describing the demise of the Commonwealth. The use and function of written, iconographic, and graphic sources in presenting these topics was also taken into account. The textbooks do not devote as much attention to the Commonwealth of Poland as they do to the early beginnings of Polish statehood (which were closely associated with the Czech nation). Nor does this period in Polish history attract as much attention as the country's twentieth-century history. Nevertheless, the textbooks do contain some key information—and in some cases more information than might be expected—on Polish history.
Journal Article
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Polish Nation as a Contradictory Subject in Lithuanian History Textbooks After Regaining Independence in 1990
After Lithuania regained its independence in 1990, its history textbooks have been rewritten several times in order to conform to the new major Lithuanian historical narrative. This article analyses the causes and outcomes of common Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth history and the Polish nation as an ethnic minority in independent Lithuania as presented in Lithuanian educational system during the end of twentieth century—beginning of the twenty-first century. It is based on the research of curricula for Lithuanian history education and Lithuanian history textbooks.
Journal Article