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Politicians and political parties are for the most part limited by habit—they recycle tried-and-true strategies, draw on models from the past, and mimic others in the present. But in rare moments politicians break with routine and try something new. Drawing on pragmatist theories of social action, Revolutionizing Repertoires sets out to examine what happens when the repertoire of practices available to political actors is dramatically reconfigured. Taking as his case study the development of a distinctively Latin American style of populist mobilization, Robert S. Jansen analyzes the Peruvian presidential election of 1931. He finds that, ultimately, populist mobilization emerged in the country at this time because newly empowered outsiders recognized the limitations of routine political practice and understood how to modify, transpose, invent, and recombine practices in a whole new way. Suggesting striking parallels to the recent populist turn in global politics, Revolutionizing Repertoires offers new insights not only to historians of Peru but also to scholars of historical sociology and comparative politics, and to anyone interested in the social and political origins of populism.

On October 3, 1968, a military junta led by General Juan Velasco Alvarado took over the government of Peru. In striking contrast to the right-wing, pro–United States/anti-Communist military dictatorships of that era, however, Velasco’s “Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces\" set in motion a left-leaning nationalist project aimed at radically transforming Peruvian society by eliminating social injustice, breaking the cycle of foreign domination, redistributing land and wealth, and placing the destiny of Peruvians into their own hands. Although short-lived, the Velasco regime did indeed have a transformative effect on Peru, the meaning and legacy of which are still subjects of intense debate. The Peculiar Revolution revisits this fascinating and idiosyncratic period of Latin American history. The book is organized into three sections that examine the era’s cultural politics, including not just developments directed by the Velasco regime but also those that it engendered but did not necessarily control; its specific policies and key institutions; and the local and regional dimensions of the social reforms it promoted. In a series of innovative chapters written by both prominent and rising historians, this volume illuminates the cultural dimensions of the revolutionary project and its legacies, the impact of structural reforms at the local level (including previously understudied areas of the country such as Piura, Chimbote, and the Amazonia), and the effects of state policies on ordinary citizens and labor and peasant organizations.

el conflicto entre Colombia y Perú de 1932, centrado en la delimitación territorial, fue ampliamente cubierto por Cromos, que jugó un papel clave en la representación visual de la guerra. Este artículo se enfocó en analizar 449 imágenes publicadas en 39 números de la revista durante los meses que duró el conflicto, con el objetivo de contribuir a la investigación histórica mediante el estudio de imágenes. El análisis se realizó siguiendo la metodología de la historiadora Beatriz de las Heras, que consiste en catalogar cada una de las imágenes, elaborar perfiles porcentuales e identificar tendencias para finalmente interpretar los resultados. Las imágenes fueron clasificadas en tres categorías: fotografía (414), ilustración (27) y mapa (8), subdivididas en temas como territorio (131), participación ciudadana (99) y militar (217). El estudio destacó cómo estas representaciones gráficas influyeron en la percepción pública de la guerra, ayudando a construir la memoria colectiva y fortalecer el nacionalismo. Además, se resaltó el papel crucial de la revista en la narración visual de los eventos, movilizando a la sociedad y promoviendo la participación en la defensa territorial. En conclusión, se enfatizó la relevancia de explorar enfoques visuales para entender la historia, ampliando así la visión tradicional de los hechos históricos. the 1932 conflict between Colombia and Peru, centered on territorial delimitation, was widely covered by the magazine Cromos, which played a key role in the visual representation of the war. This article focused on analyzing 449 images published in 39 issues of the magazine during the months the conflict lasted, aiming to contribute to historical research through the study of images. The analysis was conducted using the methodology of historian Beatriz de las Heras, which consists of cataloguing each of the images, elaborating percentage profiles and identifying trends in order to finally interpret the results. The images were classified into three categories: photography (414), illustration (27), and maps (8), subdivided into themes such as Territory (131), Citizen Participation (99), and Military (217). The study highlighted how these graphic representations influenced public perception of the war, helping to build collective memory and strengthen nationalism. Additionally, it emphasized the crucial role of the magazine in the visual narration of events, mobilizing society and promoting participation in territorial defense. In conclusion, the study underscored the importance of exploring visual approaches to understand history, thus broadening the traditional view of historical events. o conflito entre a Colômbia e o Peru de 1932, centrado na delimitação territorial, foi amplamente coberto pela revista Cromos, que desempenhou um papel chave na representação visual da guerra. Este artigo se concentrou em na análise de 449 imagens publicadas em 39 edições da revista durante os meses em que o conflito durou, com o objetivo de contribuir para a pesquisa histórica por meio do estudo das imagens. A análise foi realizada seguindo a metodologia da historiadora Beatriz de las Heras, que consiste em catalogar cada uma das imagens, traçar perfis percentuais e identificar tendências para, finalmente, interpretar os resultados. As imagens foram classificadas em três categorias: fotografia (414), ilustração (27) e mapa (8), subdivididas em temas como Território (131), Participação Cidadã (99) e Militar (217). O estudo destacou como essas representações gráficas influenciaram a percepção pública da guerra, ajudando a construir a memória coletiva e fortalecer o nacionalismo. Além disso, foi destacado o papel crucial da revista na narrativa visual dos eventos, mobilizando a sociedade e promovendo a participação na defesa territorial. Em conclusão, foi destacada a relevância de explorar abordagens visuais para entender a história, ampliando assim a visão tradicional dos eventos históricos.  

Latin American military dictatorships of the twentieth century were often right-wing, elitist and violent. A marked exception was the left-wing Peruvian military government of Juan Velasco Alvarado. More exceptional still was the government's use of visual media. Between 1968 and 1970 it produced approximately 20 posters, printed in editions of 50,000 to 200,000, to promote the radical Agrarian Reform Law. These posters provide vibrant representations of the agrarian reform's ideological aspects, which have been under-studied. A detailed exploration of visual communication shows that the government deployed aesthetically sophisticated propaganda and symbols to encourage social participation in the reform. Las dictaduras militares latinoamericanas del siglo XX con frecuencia fueron derechistas, elitistas y violentas. Una notable excepción fue el gobierno militar izquierdista peruano de Juan Velasco Alvarado. Aún más excepcional fue el uso gubernamental de medios visuales. Entre 1968 y 1970 produjo cerca de 20 afiches, impresos en ediciones de 50,000 y 200,000 unidades, para promover la radical Reforma Agraria. Estos pósters proveen una representación vibrante de aspectos ideológicos de la reforma agraria de lo cual hay pocos estudios. Una exploración detallada de la comunicación visual muestra que el gobierno utilizó una estética y una propaganda estéticamente sofisticada y símbolos para alentar la participación social en la reforma. As ditaduras militares latino-americanas do século XX geralmente foram de direita, elitistas e violentas. Uma exceção marcante foi o governo militar peruano de esquerda de Juan Velasco Alvarado. Mais excepcional ainda foi o uso da mídia visual pelo governo. Entre 1968 e 1970 produziu-se aproximadamente 20 cartazes, impressos em edições de 50 mil a 200 mil unidades para promover a radical Lei da Reforma Agrária. Esses cartazes apresentam vibrantes representações dos aspectos ideológicos da reforma agrária, ainda não suficientemente estudados. Uma detalhada examinação da comunicação visual demonstra que o governo utilizou símbolos e propaganda esteticamente sofisticados para incentivar uma participação social na reforma.

From 1980 to 1992, Maoist Shining Path rebels, Peruvian state forces, and Andean peasants waged a bitter civil war that left some 69,000 people dead. Using archival research and oral interviews,Before the Shining Path is the first long-term historical examination of the Shining Path's political, economic, and social antecedents in Ayacucho, the department where the Shining Path initiated its war. This study uncovers rural Ayacucho's vibrant but largely unstudied twentieth-century political history and contends that the Shining Path was the last and most extreme of a series of radical political movements that indigenous peasants pursued. The Shining Path's violence against rural indigenous populations exposed the tight hold of anti-Indian prejudice inside Peru, as rebels reproduced the same hatreds they aimed to defeat. But, this was nothing new. Heilman reveals that minute divides inside rural indigenous communities repeatedly led to violent conflict across the twentieth century.

Market reforms began in parts of Asia after World War II and led to macroeconomic policies and governance that brought rapid and fairly evenly shared growth, with an emphasis on promoting capable civil services, community involvement, and good basic education and health. For historical and cultural reasons, reforms began decades later in most of Latin America. To bypass ossified bureaucracies, operating under largely democratic governments with elements of civil societies, Latin American reforms were under strongmen, or caudillos, who undertook macroeconomic reforms due to conviction or expediency or both. The leaders used teams of technocrats who operated alongside and above preexisting bureaucracies. Reforms began first and went furthest in Chile. After case studies of Chile, Argentina, Peru, Mexico, and Venezuela, the author concludes that Latin American reforms will not really serve their people or be secure until, like the Asian reforms, they stress competent and honest governance, shared growth, and basic education and health.