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Del Sarto argues that internal disputes over national identity limit the ability of states to participate in regional forums. This is a close look at problems faced in negotiating the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EMP) as a regional security project, with particular attention to case studies of Israel, Egypt and Morocco.

Background One significant abiotic stressor that harms sesame productivity globally is drought. This investigation used six sesame genotypes to measure variance in many variables under irrigated and terminal drought stress environments. Growth characteristics (plant height, fruiting zone length, branches’ number), yield-related parameters (capsules’ number per plant, capsule’s length, 1000 seeds’ weight, seed yield per plant, and seed yield per feddan) and physiological characters (relative water content, chlorophyll A content, chlorophyll B content, chlorophyll A + B content, and proline concentration) of sesame were measured. Six drought indices (geometric mean productivity (GMP), mean productivity (MP), stress tolerance index (STI), tolerance index (TOL), stress susceptibility index (SSI) and, yield stability index (YSI)) were derived using seed yield per feddan. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of drought stress on the physiological and yield-related characteristics of the sesame genotypes and to find the qualities that were most helpful in selecting drought-resistant genotypes. Results The analysis of variance revealed significant differences in genotypes and water depletion ratios, as well as their interactions, for all growth variables, except the interaction between genotypes and water depletion ratios for plant height and relative water content. Line 13 (H. 102) had the highest branches’ number (6.85), capsules’ number per plant (239.33) and capsule’s length (3.35 cm) attributes under normal circumstances. Line 31 (H. 68) produced the maximum yield per plant (33.45 g) and feddan (679.83) and had the highest weight of 1000 seeds (3.9 g) under normal circumstances. Under the level (80% water depletion ratio), H. 68 had the highest amounts of chlorophyll A (5.73) and chlorophyll A + B (17.37) whereas H. 102 exhibited the highest concentration of chlorophyll B (5.73). The genotype H. 68 of sesame was found to have the greatest MP (650.35), GMP (649.32) and YI (1.16) indices followed by genotype H. 102. The Shandaweell 3 genotype resulted in the lowest SSI (36.92) and TOL (0.55) indices. Line 26 (H132) exhibited the highest average YSI values. Conclusions These data revealed that genotypes H. 102, H. 68 and Shandaweell 3 are the most drought-tolerant among the genotypes utilized in this study. These results may contribute to developing effective breeding techniques for drought-stressed sesame in the future.

In Egypt, calls to restore normality emerged almost immediately after the 2011 uprising started. In the following years, they gained increasing appeal, paving the way to an authoritarian restoration. The revolution of January 25 ended with the victory of a party that promised stability and a strong military ruler, in large part because those promises echoed many people’s anxieties and hopes about the future and resonated with their day-to-day practices of handling urgent everyday concerns. This success did not just rest on ideological agreements over political ideals, but also on what we describe as commitments to a reality that those involved would consider not to need explanation or legitimation – that is, as normal. Normality, we argue, is best understood as an inherently ambiguous, ‘essentially contested’ concept that unites three distinct dimensions: (1) what is, that is, an ordinary recurring reality that may or may not be normative; (2) what is and ought to be, that is, what is naturalized and pursued as normative and necessary; and (3) what ought to be but is not, that is, an expectation of what ought to be unproblematic and self-evident, yet is not within reach in the here and now. This productive ambiguity of normality allows for major transformations to take place in the name of the restoration and maintenance of a self-evident reality.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to outline how the EU figures out the importance of strengthening its relations with Egypt as one of the most strategic countries in the region to keep the union secured and stable. The paper also assesses to what extent the EU succeeds to promote democracy in Egypt. Design/methodology/approach - The EU pursues its policy through a series of both bilateral and multilateral agreements with Egypt aiming at positioning their relations in a strategic context. The research adopted different approaches as descriptive and analytical ones. Findings - Following the Arab uprisings, the EU was caught by surprise and announced a paradigm shift in its relations and introduced a set of policies to foster democracy promotion that witnessed some successes but with extremely modest results in some areas compared to the costs of the process. The EU succeeded in important reforms in trade liberalization while it did not bring clear changes in the political arena in Egypt. Originality/value - The findings of this paper convey that the Arab uprisings were a wake-up call for the EU. It was the right time for the EU to conduct such a strategic and sincere reflection based on the role it wants to play in the changing region. In addition, findings prove that the EU's response to revolutionary events has been weak and hesitant, and the EU has not an effective role in promoting democracy in Egypt.

The current food security situation in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is surrounded by uncertainty and bleak due to several domestic and global challenges, such as a rapid increase in population growth rate, a global slowdown in economic growth rate, climate change impacts, a reduction in water resources, the spreading of political instability, the prevalence of malnutrition, low food production, high food import dependency, weak transport infrastructure, weak drinking water and sanitation services, and suffering from a severe income gap between the population of this region. This paper aims to shed light on the food security situation in the MENA region by investigating the determinants of food security in that region and then measuring the food security performance of each MENA country. The study contributes to tackling the current food security situation in the MENA region by focusing on investigating the food security determinants and weights by using multiple regression analysis to understand the role of macroeconomic factors in improving food security performance in the MENA countries. The findings confirm that in terms of food availability and access, the MENA countries have decent stability on those dimensions, while food utilization and stability dimensions in MENA countries have poor performance. Keywords: Food Security, MENA, Multiple Regression Analysis, Food Security Determinants and performance. JEL codes: C01, O13, Q18

The 42-year dictatorship in Libya finally collapsed in October 2011; it took the Western-backed armed uprising seven months of intensive fighting to defeat Qaddafi's loyalist forces. The fall of the Qaddafi regime is a welcome development in the Middle East and North Africa region. But, unlike Tunisia or Egypt, Libya does not have a standing army or a reliable potential force that can bring the necessary stability for a political transition. The tribal nature of the country and the difficulty of disarming the rebels and other groups pose serious challenges to the new authorities in Tripoli. Unless these issues are handled effectively, Libya will undergo a long period of unpredictability.

Sudan's recent history has been marked by persistent instability caused by historically shaped internal and external factors which can be associated with the country's colonial history, incomplete and problematic state-building processes, and the interactions of external actors with the country. Internally, Sudan has grappled with long-standing issues such as political and ethnic divisions, economic mismanagement, and social unrest, all of which have fueled discontent and volatility. After examining the internal factors affecting the country's instability, the article delves into the external forces that have shaped Sudan's trajectory, including regional conflicts, foreign interventions, and geopolitical interests. These factors have exerted significant influence on Sudan's internal dynamics, exacerbating existing tensions and undermining attempts at stability. By analyzing the interplay between internal and external factors, the article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of Sudan's instability, highlighting the complex challenges that the country faces as it strives to achieve lasting peace, social cohesion, and sustainable development. Keywords Sudan, Rapid Support Forces, Ethiopia, Egypt, Turkiye, Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), civil war

Purpose - This study aims to analyze the impact of cooperation between banking supervisory entities on maintaining financial stability, using Single Supervisory Mechanism evolution and performance as instance. Then banking supervisory cooperation and financial stability in Egypt are reviewed. Design/methodology/approach - The qualitative method is used to study and analyze the practices that contributed to financial instability and raised the need for supervisory cooperation. Descriptive qualitative method is used to study the interrelations between supervisory authorities on various levels and its impact on financial stability. Findings - Findings show that maintaining financial stability through strong, consistent complete or semi unified supervisory framework faces challenges. Providing cooperation between different supervisory authorities, effective information sharing, gained experience in the long run contributes to financial stability. Originality/value - The originality of this research paper arises from the fact that it encompasses the academic aspect through interpreting the developments that occurred to the cooperation in banking supervision in relation to the financial instability times in the Eurozone that led to the establishment of Single Supervisory mechanism, and the challenges it faced. The supervisory cooperation in Egypt is studied as well at international, regional levels and its role in contributing to financial stability. To the best of the authors' knowledge this is the first study that studies the banking supervisory cooperation between Egyptian supervisory authorities and other international and regional authorities.

The role of Egyptian finance capital in acquiring (and attempting to acquire) agricultural land in southern neighbouring countries since the 2007-2008 food-fuel-financial crisis represents in part the southward expansion of the frontier in Egypt, or new socio-ecological spaces for heightened capital accumulation. This expansion, heralded by processes of financialisation, is the latest wave of corporate consolidation of the country's agri-food system. This paper offers an historical analysis of frontier making in modern-day Egypt and how it has been shaped by relations between Egypt and Sudan within a restructuring hegemonic state system, from the nineteenth century to present-day revolutionary times. Then, a case study of one Egyptian financial firm, Citadel Capital, is detailed to demonstrate that the 'global land grab' reflects food regime restructuring with the end of cheap food and oil - and greater food insecurity and political instability in Egypt and in southern neighbouring countries.