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Antifungal and Antioxidant Properties of Chitosan Polymers Obtained from Nontraditional Polybius henslowii Sources
This research was funded by GAC Oeste (PROMAR—European Fisheries Fund) through the project Pilado add value, under the FP7, grant agreement no. 278612 and by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), through the strategic project UID/MAR/04292/2019 granted to MARE, the Integrated Programme of SR&TD “Smart Valorization of Endogenous Marine Biological Resources Under a Changing Climate” (Centro-01-0145-FEDER-000018), co-funded by Centro 2020 programme, Portugal 2020, European Union through the European Regional Development Fund and the grant awarded to SCM (SFRH/BPD/110400/2015).
Journal Article
Polybius and his legacy
Although scholars continue to address old questions about Polybius, it is clear that they are also turning their attention to aspects of his history that have been inadequately dealt with in the past or have even gone largely unnoticed. Polybius' history is increasingly treated not just as a source of valuable information on the impressive expansion of Roman rule in the Mediterranean world, but also as a complex and nuanced narrative with its own interests and purposes. Moreover, since (apart from Livy's use of Polybius, which has been thoroughly discussed) most studies of Polybius' reception focus on the modern world, especially in relation to the theory of mixed constitutions, finding out more about Polybius' impact on ancient Greek and Roman authors remains a major desideratum. This volume brings together contributions which, in either posing new questions or reformulating old ones, attest both to the ardent scholarly interest currently directed toward Polybius and to the variety of hermeneutical issues raised by his work. Subjects discussed include Polybius' historical ideas, his methods of composition, his views on the role of the historian, his representation of cultural difference, his intertextual affinities, and his reception and influence. Taken together, the papers in this collection attempt to promote a deeper understanding of the qualities and peculiarities of Polybius' history, as well as to offer fresh insights into the interpretation of this important work.
Book
Cryptanalysis of a Special Polybius-Like Cipher Using Hill-Climbing
Polybius cipher is a special substitution system widely used during history. In our research, we found several Polybius-like ciphers used in Czecho-slovakia and in the Slovak State from the first half of the 20th century. Various types of this cipher are described in the first Czechoslovak cryptanalysis manual “šifrovací systémy a návod k luštění kryptogramů” by plk. Josef Růžek. It can be also found in the official cryptology directive called G–VII–8 “šifrování” (encryption) from 1938, and another variant in the new version of the same directive from 1946. In this work, we focus on a special Polybius-like cipher inspired by three real ciphers used in Czechoslovakia and in the Slovak State. Two were used during WW2 and one right after the war. We will show how these ciphers were used and how they can be solved with a modern heuristic approach on a personal computer. We evaluate the effectiveness of the Hill-Climbing heuristic methods with restarts. We also investigated several different fitness functions and language models.
Journal Article
Strangers in a Strange Land: The Identity of Galatian Rulers in Thrace and Anatolia at the Turn of the 3rd to the 2nd century BC
The Gallic invasion of Greece in 280/279 BC left a deep mark in the collective memory of the Greeks. From then on, they represented the Celts as the stereotypical ‘barbarians’ – primitive, wild, violent and without any culture of their own. As the newcomers had established permanent kingdoms in Thrace and Phrygia, however, both sides had to learn how to deal with each other. The paper asks how the rulers of the Galatians on both sides of the Bosporus handled this challenge and how this influenced their own identity. To go beyond existing research, the analysis draws both on the literary Greek sources and the coinage which the Eastern Celts started to produce themselves in the 3rd century BC. It will be shown that the Galatian elites quickly adapted to the political practices of the Hellenistic world and confidently asserted their own place within it, mixing their own customs with Greek and local (Thracian, Anatolian) elements to create a unique blend of identity. The Gallic invasion of Greece in 280/279 BC left a deep mark in the collective memory of the Greeks. From then on, they represented the Celts as the stereotypical ‘barbarians’ – primitive, wild, violent and without any culture of their own. As the newcomers had established permanent kingdoms in Thrace and Phrygia, however, both sides had to learn how to deal with each other. The paper asks how the rulers of the Galatians on both sides of the Bosporus handled this challenge and how this influenced their own identity. To go beyond existing research, the analysis draws both on the literary Greek sources and the coinage which the Eastern Celts started to produce in the 3rd century BC. It will be shown that the Galatian elites quickly adapted to the political practices of the Hellenistic world and confidently asserted their own place within it, mixing their own customs with Greek and local (Thracian, Anatolian) elements to create a unique blend of identity.
Journal Article
Cultural politics in Polybius's Histories
Polybius was a Greek statesman and political prisoner of Rome in the second century B.C.E. His Histories provide the earliest continuous narrative of the rise of the Roman Empire. In this original study informed by recent work in cultural studies and on ethnicity, Craige Champion demonstrates that Polybius's work performs a literary and political balancing act of heretofore unappreciated subtlety and interest.
eBook
IMPIOUS MISFORTUNE AND DIDACTIC DISCORD: THE MACEDONIAN XANTHIKA IN ANCIENT HISTORIOGRAPHY RECONSIDERED
The present article will reconsider the historiographical value played by the 182 bc Antigonid military ritual – known as Xanthika. Firstly, in order to appraise ancient historiographical adaptations and modern analytical shortcomings, this article will retrace extant ancient sources and, secondly, its current state-of-the-art. Thirdly, the original Polybian treatment will be discerned from its Livian adaptations, and historiographical distinctions will be proposed for each version. Fourthly, the Xanthika will be reconsidered as a key historiographical device through which Polybius coupled the Hellenic themes of Alexandrian legitimacy, deep-rooted tyrannical discord, and irreversible royal decadence within a larger narrative of the Roman ascendance towards world dominance.
Journal Article
Free Will, Moral Character, and Ethical Action: The Meaning of προαίρεσις in Polybius
This paper offers a new perspective on Polybius’s thinking about human action and character by focusing on his use of the term προαίρεσις and its contextualization within rhetorical and philosophical settings. The paper attempts to trace and interpret the applications of the term in the Histories, with a focus on the implications for Polybian ethics. The investigation reveals that at certain points Polybius draws upon the philosophical uses of προαίρεσις, which provide a “missing link” in his conceptualization of human action, moral vs. natural character, and the ethical dimension in both the historical process and its explanation by the historian.
Journal Article